Screens: hand cutouts without waiting for the GPU

The cutout composite drew each screen's whole client buffer into a side-by-side buffer on
every tick a hand was in front of it, then waited for the GPU with glFinish (1-6 ms, the
likely cause of the VR frame drops on 2026-10-01). Now:

- A drawn buffer gets a fence and is shown from a later tick once the fence has passed, so
  ft-screens never waits for the GPU (except for a panel's first buffer after a pause, so a
  stale one never shows). The prediction lead goes from 25 to 36 ms for that tick.
- Nothing is drawn when the client frame and the cutouts haven't changed, and SteamVR
  isn't handed the same buffer again.
- When only the cutouts moved, a buffer that holds the same client frame is drawn again
  only around the old and new cutouts (scissored).
- "cutouts state" reports draws, partial draws, unchanged ticks, busy ticks, waits and CPU
  time per second since the last state; ft-handtest prints the same counts.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

gaze/ft-gaze.cpp

@@ -479,9 +479,24 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     double lastEmit = 0;
     int actionErrors = 0;
     vr::EVRInputError lastActionError = vr::VRInputError_None;
+    // During a VR game, SteamVR's gaze action is left alone. With ft-gaze reading the eyes, SteamVR
+    // restarted its eye tracker every 10 s or so in a game, as if the headset came off, and each
+    // restart took input focus from the game: Beat Saber paused (PR #13). Of what ft-gaze reads,
+    // only the action reaches SteamVR (the mmap and our tracker are files), so gaze still works
+    // over the dashboard. Games are told apart the way ft-screens does it, by the scene app.
+    bool inGame = false;
+    double nextGameCheck = 0;
 
     while (true) {
         const double now = NowRaw();
+        if (now >= nextGameCheck) {
+            nextGameCheck = now + 0.5;
+            const bool game = vr::VRApplications()->GetCurrentSceneProcessId() != 0;
+            if (game != inGame)
+                std::fprintf(stderr, "ft-gaze: %s\n",
+                             game ? "a VR game is running: SteamVR's gaze action left alone" : "the VR game ended");
+            inGame = game;
+        }
         vr::TrackedDevicePose_t hp;
         sys->GetDeviceToAbsoluteTrackingPose(vr::TrackingUniverseStanding, 0, &hp, 1);
         if (hp.bPoseIsValid) history.Add(now, hp.mDeviceToAbsoluteTracking);
@@ -502,24 +517,26 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
             // SteamVR's action: a room-space origin and fixation point, turned into the head
             // frame so every source reports the same kind of angles.
             std::string action = "{\"ok\":0}";
-            vr::VRActiveActionSet_t active{};
-            active.ulActionSet = set;
-            active.nPriority = vr::k_nActionSetOverlayGlobalPriorityMin;
-            input->UpdateActionState(&active, sizeof active, 1);
-            vr::VREyeTrackingData_t e{};
-            const vr::EVRInputError ae =
-                input->GetEyeTrackingDataRelativeToNow(gaze, vr::TrackingUniverseStanding, 0, &e, sizeof e);
-            if (ae == vr::VRInputError_None && e.bActive && e.bValid) {
-                const Vec3 o{e.vGazeOrigin.v[0], e.vGazeOrigin.v[1], e.vGazeOrigin.v[2]};
-                const Vec3 t{e.vGazeTarget.v[0], e.vGazeTarget.v[1], e.vGazeTarget.v[2]};
-                const Vec3 dHead = RotateInverse(headNow, Normalize(t - o));
-                char extra[96];
-                std::snprintf(extra, sizeof extra, "\"tracked\":%d,\"dist\":%.3f,", int(e.bTracked), Length(t - o));
-                action = SrcJson(list, headNow, dHead, extra);
-            } else if (ae != lastActionError || (verbose && ++actionErrors % 90 == 1)) {
-                std::fprintf(stderr, "ft-gaze: action: error %d active %d valid %d\n", int(ae), int(e.bActive),
-                             int(e.bValid));
-                lastActionError = ae;
+            if (!inGame) {
+                vr::VRActiveActionSet_t active{};
+                active.ulActionSet = set;
+                active.nPriority = vr::k_nActionSetOverlayGlobalPriorityMin;
+                input->UpdateActionState(&active, sizeof active, 1);
+                vr::VREyeTrackingData_t e{};
+                const vr::EVRInputError ae =
+                    input->GetEyeTrackingDataRelativeToNow(gaze, vr::TrackingUniverseStanding, 0, &e, sizeof e);
+                if (ae == vr::VRInputError_None && e.bActive && e.bValid) {
+                    const Vec3 o{e.vGazeOrigin.v[0], e.vGazeOrigin.v[1], e.vGazeOrigin.v[2]};
+                    const Vec3 t{e.vGazeTarget.v[0], e.vGazeTarget.v[1], e.vGazeTarget.v[2]};
+                    const Vec3 dHead = RotateInverse(headNow, Normalize(t - o));
+                    char extra[96];
+                    std::snprintf(extra, sizeof extra, "\"tracked\":%d,\"dist\":%.3f,", int(e.bTracked), Length(t - o));
+                    action = SrcJson(list, headNow, dHead, extra);
+                } else if (ae != lastActionError || (verbose && ++actionErrors % 90 == 1)) {
+                    std::fprintf(stderr, "ft-gaze: action: error %d active %d valid %d\n", int(ae), int(e.bActive),
+                                 int(e.bValid));
+                    lastActionError = ae;
+                }
             }
 
             std::string m1 = "{\"ok\":0}", m2 = m1, left = m1, right = m1, eye = "null";

input/input-relay.py

@@ -1139,6 +1139,11 @@ def main():
                 # New here: a new device, or one that came back in the same place.
                 for old in [n for n in nodes.values() if n.path == path]:
                     drop(old, "replaced by a new device node")
+                # A new node is root's alone until udev gives it to the input group, a moment
+                # after it appears. Opened in that gap, it would fail and never be tried
+                # again: leave it for the next scan instead.
+                if not os.access(path, os.R_OK):
+                    continue
                 seen[path] = ino
                 node = probe(path)
                 if node and node.volume_keys and not take_volume(node):

screens/handcut.cpp

@@ -279,6 +279,9 @@ PFNEGLCREATEIMAGEKHRPROC pCreateImage;
 PFNEGLDESTROYIMAGEKHRPROC pDestroyImage;
 PFNGLEGLIMAGETARGETTEXTURE2DOESPROC pImageTargetTexture;
 PFNGLEGLIMAGETARGETRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEOESPROC pImageTargetRenderbuffer;
+PFNEGLCREATESYNCKHRPROC pCreateSync;
+PFNEGLDESTROYSYNCKHRPROC pDestroySync;
+PFNEGLCLIENTWAITSYNCKHRPROC pClientWaitSync;
 
 const char *kVertex = R"(
 attribute vec2 pos;          // the unit square
@@ -400,7 +403,11 @@ bool Renderer::Init(const std::vector<uint64_t> &modifiers, std::function<void(c
     pImageTargetTexture = reinterpret_cast<PFNGLEGLIMAGETARGETTEXTURE2DOESPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES"));
     pImageTargetRenderbuffer = reinterpret_cast<PFNGLEGLIMAGETARGETRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEOESPROC>(
         eglGetProcAddress("glEGLImageTargetRenderbufferStorageOES"));
-    if (!gbm_ || !pGetPlatformDisplay || !pCreateImage || !pImageTargetTexture || !pImageTargetRenderbuffer) {
+    pCreateSync = reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLCREATESYNCKHRPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("eglCreateSyncKHR"));
+    pDestroySync = reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLDESTROYSYNCKHRPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("eglDestroySyncKHR"));
+    pClientWaitSync = reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLCLIENTWAITSYNCKHRPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("eglClientWaitSyncKHR"));
+    if (!gbm_ || !pGetPlatformDisplay || !pCreateImage || !pImageTargetTexture || !pImageTargetRenderbuffer ||
+        !pCreateSync || !pDestroySync || !pClientWaitSync) {
         std::fprintf(stderr, "handcut: GBM or EGL extensions missing\n");
         return false;
     }
@@ -451,6 +458,9 @@ void Renderer::Forget(const void *key) {
     glDeleteTextures(1, &it->second.tex);
     pDestroyImage(EGLDisplay(dpy_), EGLImageKHR(it->second.image));
     imported_.erase(it);
+    for (auto &[k, r] : rings_)   // a new buffer at the same address isn't this one
+        for (Output &o : r.out)
+            if (o.key == key) o.drawn = false;
 }
 
 bool Renderer::MakeOutput(Output &o, int w, int h) {
@@ -489,6 +499,7 @@ bool Renderer::MakeOutput(Output &o, int w, int h) {
 
 void Renderer::FreeOutput(Output &o) {
     if (o.bo && released_) released_(&o);
+    if (o.fence) pDestroySync(EGLDisplay(dpy_), EGLSyncKHR(o.fence));
     if (o.fbo) glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &o.fbo);
     if (o.rb) glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &o.rb);
     if (o.image) pDestroyImage(EGLDisplay(dpy_), EGLImageKHR(o.image));
@@ -505,26 +516,68 @@ void Renderer::DropPanel(int panel) {
     rings_.erase(it);
 }
 
-const Output *Renderer::Composite(int panel, const void *key, const ft_dmabuf &src, const std::vector<Capsule2D> eyes[2]) {
-    if (!ready_) return nullptr;
-    const auto t0 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    const int w = src.width, h = src.height;
-    Ring &ring = rings_[panel];
-    if (ring.w != w || ring.h != h) {
-        for (Output &old : ring.out) FreeOutput(old);
-        ring.w = w, ring.h = h, ring.next = 0;
-    }
-    Output &o = ring.out[ring.next];
-    if (!o.bo && !MakeOutput(o, 2 * w, h)) return nullptr;
-    const GLuint tex = Texture(key, src);
-    if (!tex) return nullptr;
-    ring.next = (ring.next + 1) % 3;
+namespace {
 
+// The pixels a cutout's quad covers (see Draw), as x0 y0 x1 y1 in the eye's half.
+void Bounds(const Capsule2D &c, float b[4]) {
+    const float feather = std::max(1.5f, 0.15f * std::min(c.ra, c.rb));
+    const float r = std::max(c.ra, c.rb) + feather;
+    b[0] = std::min(c.ax, c.bx) - r, b[1] = std::min(c.ay, c.by) - r;
+    b[2] = std::max(c.ax, c.bx) + r, b[3] = std::max(c.ay, c.by) + r;
+}
+
+// Within a quarter pixel: the same picture.
+bool SameSpots(const std::vector<Capsule2D> a[2], const std::vector<Capsule2D> b[2]) {
+    for (int e = 0; e < 2; ++e) {
+        if (a[e].size() != b[e].size()) return false;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < a[e].size(); ++i) {
+            const Capsule2D &p = a[e][i], &q = b[e][i];
+            for (float d : {p.ax - q.ax, p.ay - q.ay, p.bx - q.bx, p.by - q.by, p.ra - q.ra, p.rb - q.rb})
+                if (std::fabs(d) > 0.25f) return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+int64_t SteadyNs() {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool Renderer::Passed(Output &o, int64_t timeoutNs) {
+    if (!o.fence) return true;
+    const EGLint r = pClientWaitSync(EGLDisplay(dpy_), EGLSyncKHR(o.fence), 0, EGLTimeKHR(timeoutNs));
+    if (r == EGL_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED_KHR) return false;
+    pDestroySync(EGLDisplay(dpy_), EGLSyncKHR(o.fence));   // passed, or failed: don't wait on it again
+    o.fence = nullptr;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Draws one buffer. Partial: the buffer holds this client frame already, with o.spots cut
+// out, so each eye is drawn again only inside the box around those and the new cutouts.
+void Renderer::Draw(Output &o, unsigned tex, int w, int h, const std::vector<Capsule2D> eyes[2], bool partial) {
     glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, o.fbo);
     glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
     glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
     glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, nullptr);
     for (int e = 0; e < 2; ++e) {
+        if (partial) {
+            float box[4] = {1e9f, 1e9f, -1e9f, -1e9f}, b[4];
+            const std::vector<Capsule2D> *lists[2] = {&o.spots[e], &eyes[e]};
+            for (const std::vector<Capsule2D> *list : lists)
+                for (const Capsule2D &c : *list) {
+                    Bounds(c, b);
+                    box[0] = std::min(box[0], b[0]), box[1] = std::min(box[1], b[1]);
+                    box[2] = std::max(box[2], b[2]), box[3] = std::max(box[3], b[3]);
+                }
+            // Window y is the buffer's row, the same way down as the cutouts' y (see kVertex).
+            const int x0 = std::clamp(int(std::floor(box[0])) - 1, 0, w), y0 = std::clamp(int(std::floor(box[1])) - 1, 0, h);
+            const int x1 = std::clamp(int(std::ceil(box[2])) + 1, 0, w), y1 = std::clamp(int(std::ceil(box[3])) + 1, 0, h);
+            if (x1 <= x0 || y1 <= y0) continue;   // no cutout in this eye, then or now
+            glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+            glScissor(e * w + x0, y0, x1 - x0, y1 - y0);
+        }
         glViewport(e * w, 0, w, h);
         glDisable(GL_BLEND);
         glUseProgram(copyProg_);
@@ -543,22 +596,69 @@ const Output *Renderer::Composite(int panel, const void *key, const ft_dmabuf &s
                     uB = glGetUniformLocation(cutProg_, "b"), uR = glGetUniformLocation(cutProg_, "r"),
                     uF = glGetUniformLocation(cutProg_, "feather");
         for (const Capsule2D &c : eyes[e]) {
-            const float feather = std::max(1.5f, 0.15f * std::min(c.ra, c.rb));
-            const float r = std::max(c.ra, c.rb) + feather;
-            glUniform4f(uRect, std::min(c.ax, c.bx) - r, std::min(c.ay, c.by) - r, std::max(c.ax, c.bx) + r,
-                        std::max(c.ay, c.by) + r);
+            float b[4];
+            Bounds(c, b);
+            glUniform4f(uRect, b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]);
             glUniform2f(uA, c.ax, c.ay);
             glUniform2f(uB, c.bx, c.by);
             glUniform2f(uR, c.ra, c.rb);
-            glUniform1f(uF, feather);
+            glUniform1f(uF, std::max(1.5f, 0.15f * std::min(c.ra, c.rb)));
             glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
         }
+        glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
     }
     glDisable(GL_BLEND);
-    // SteamVR reads the buffer from another process and GPU queue; make sure it's done.
-    glFinish();
-    lastMs_ = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - t0).count();
-    return &o;
+}
+
+const Output *Renderer::Composite(int panel, const void *key, uint64_t serial, const ft_dmabuf &src,
+                                  const std::vector<Capsule2D> eyes[2]) {
+    if (!ready_) return nullptr;
+    const int64_t t0 = SteadyNs();
+    const int w = src.width, h = src.height;
+    Ring &ring = rings_[panel];
+    if (ring.w != w || ring.h != h) {
+        for (Output &old : ring.out) FreeOutput(old);
+        ring.w = w, ring.h = h, ring.shown = ring.before = ring.drawing = -1;
+    }
+    // After a pause the panel showed its client buffer, so nothing of ours is on it.
+    if (t0 - ring.lastCall > 30'000'000) ring.shown = ring.before = -1;
+    ring.lastCall = t0;
+    auto promote = [&ring] {
+        ring.before = ring.shown, ring.shown = ring.drawing, ring.drawing = -1;
+    };
+    if (ring.drawing >= 0 && Passed(ring.out[ring.drawing], 0)) promote();
+
+    const int newest = ring.drawing >= 0 ? ring.drawing : ring.shown;
+    const Output *n = newest >= 0 ? &ring.out[newest] : nullptr;
+    if (n && n->key == key && n->serial == serial && SameSpots(n->spots, eyes)) {
+        ++stats_.same;
+    } else if (ring.drawing >= 0) {
+        ++stats_.busy;   // drawn on a later tick, from what's current then
+    } else {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i == ring.shown || i == ring.before) ++i;
+        Output &o = ring.out[i];
+        if (!o.bo && !MakeOutput(o, 2 * w, h)) return nullptr;
+        const GLuint tex = Texture(key, src);
+        if (!tex) return nullptr;
+        const bool partial = o.drawn && o.key == key && o.serial == serial;
+        Draw(o, tex, w, h, eyes, partial);
+        o.fence = pCreateSync(EGLDisplay(dpy_), EGL_SYNC_FENCE_KHR, nullptr);
+        glFlush();
+        if (!o.fence) glFinish();   // no fence: wait here, as before
+        o.key = key, o.serial = serial, o.drawn = true;
+        for (int e = 0; e < 2; ++e) o.spots[e] = eyes[e];
+        ring.drawing = i;
+        ++stats_.draws, stats_.partial += partial;
+    }
+    // Nothing of ours to show yet: wait for this one rather than show none.
+    if (ring.shown < 0 && ring.drawing >= 0) {
+        ++stats_.waits;
+        if (Passed(ring.out[ring.drawing], 50'000'000)) promote();
+    }
+    lastMs_ = (SteadyNs() - t0) / 1e6;
+    stats_.cpuMs += lastMs_, stats_.worstMs = std::max(stats_.worstMs, lastMs_);
+    return ring.shown >= 0 ? &ring.out[ring.shown] : nullptr;
 }
 
 }  // namespace handcut

screens/handcut.h

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ private:
     std::map<uint32_t, Motion> motion_;
     std::vector<Capsule> world_;  // base_, moved ahead
     bool predict_ = true;
-    int64_t leadNs_ = 25'000'000;
+    int64_t leadNs_ = 36'000'000;   // 25 ms to the displays, plus the tick a cutout buffer waits for its fence
     int fd_ = -1;
     const void *map_ = nullptr;
     uint64_t seq_ = 0;
@@ -91,6 +91,22 @@ struct Output {
     void *bo = nullptr;
     unsigned fbo = 0, rb = 0;
     void *image = nullptr;
+    // What's drawn in it: the client buffer and its frame, and the cutouts (a later draw
+    // with the same frame only redraws around the old and new cutouts).
+    void *fence = nullptr;        // the GPU is still drawing it
+    const void *key = nullptr;
+    uint64_t serial = 0;
+    bool drawn = false;
+    std::vector<Capsule2D> spots[2];
+};
+
+// Composite's counts since the last TakeStats.
+struct CutStats {
+    int draws = 0, partial = 0;   // buffers drawn, of them only around the cutouts
+    int same = 0;                 // nothing changed: the newest buffer stays
+    int busy = 0;                 // the GPU hadn't finished the last one: drawn next tick
+    int waits = 0;                // a panel's first buffer, waited for
+    double cpuMs = 0, worstMs = 0;
 };
 
 class Renderer {
@@ -99,20 +115,34 @@ public:
     // modifiers: what SteamVR takes for DRM_FORMAT_ABGR8888, the outputs' format.
     // released: an output is about to be freed (drop its SteamVR import).
     bool Init(const std::vector<uint64_t> &modifiers, std::function<void(const Output *)> released);
-    // Draw client buffer `src` (identified by `key`) into the next output buffer of
-    // panel `panel`, both eyes, cutting out `eyes`. Returns that buffer, or null.
-    const Output *Composite(int panel, const void *key, const ft_dmabuf &src, const std::vector<Capsule2D> eyes[2]);
+    // Draw client buffer `src` (identified by `key`; `serial` counts its frames) into a
+    // buffer of panel `panel`, both eyes, cutting out `eyes`. Returns the newest buffer the
+    // GPU has finished, or null.
+    //
+    // It doesn't wait for the GPU: a buffer is drawn, fenced, and returned from a later call
+    // once the fence has passed, so what SteamVR shows is a tick behind. Each panel has three
+    // buffers: the one shown, the one shown before it (SteamVR may still be reading it), and
+    // the one being drawn. Nothing is drawn when the frame and the cutouts are what the newest
+    // buffer has, and when only the cutouts moved, a buffer that holds the same client frame
+    // is drawn again only around them. The first call after a pause (no call for 30 ms, about
+    // 3 ticks: the panel showed its client buffer meanwhile) waits for its buffer, so a stale
+    // one never shows.
+    const Output *Composite(int panel, const void *key, uint64_t serial, const ft_dmabuf &src,
+                            const std::vector<Capsule2D> eyes[2]);
     // A client buffer is going away.
     void Forget(const void *key);
     // A panel is gone: drop its outputs.
     void DropPanel(int panel);
-    // How long the last Composite took, ms (it waits for the GPU).
+    // How long the last Composite took on the CPU, ms.
     double lastMs() const { return lastMs_; }
+    CutStats TakeStats() { CutStats s = stats_; stats_ = {}; return s; }
 
 private:
     unsigned Texture(const void *key, const ft_dmabuf &src);
     bool MakeOutput(Output &o, int w, int h);
     void FreeOutput(Output &o);
+    bool Passed(Output &o, int64_t timeoutNs);
+    void Draw(Output &o, unsigned tex, int w, int h, const std::vector<Capsule2D> eyes[2], bool partial);
     bool ready_ = false;
     int drm_ = -1;
     void *gbm_ = nullptr, *dpy_ = nullptr, *ctx_ = nullptr;
@@ -121,9 +151,15 @@ private:
     std::function<void(const Output *)> released_;
     struct Imported { void *image; unsigned tex; };
     std::map<const void *, Imported> imported_;
-    struct Ring { Output out[3]; int next = 0; int w = 0, h = 0; };
+    struct Ring {
+        Output out[3];
+        int shown = -1, before = -1, drawing = -1;   // indices into out
+        int w = 0, h = 0;
+        int64_t lastCall = 0;                        // steady clock ns
+    };
     std::map<int, Ring> rings_;
     double lastMs_ = 0;
+    CutStats stats_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace handcut

screens/handtest.cpp

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
             handcut::EyePositions(head, eyes);
             cut = handcut::Project(panel, hands.capsules(), eyes, eyes2d);
         }
-        const handcut::Output *out = cut ? renderer.Composite(0, bo, client, eyes2d) : nullptr;
+        const handcut::Output *out = cut ? renderer.Composite(0, bo, 1, client, eyes2d) : nullptr;
         if (out) {
             auto it = imports.find(out);
             if (it == imports.end()) {
@@ -177,8 +177,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                     vr::VROverlay()->SetOverlayFlag(ov, vr::VROverlayFlags_SideBySide_Parallel, true);
                     cutting = true;
                 }
-                shown = it->second;
-                vr::VROverlay()->SetOverlayTexture(ov, &tex);
+                if (shown != it->second) shown = it->second, vr::VROverlay()->SetOverlayTexture(ov, &tex);
                 ms += renderer.lastMs(), worst = std::max(worst, renderer.lastMs());
                 ++cutFrames;
                 caps2d += eyes2d[0].size() + eyes2d[1].size();
@@ -192,10 +191,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
         }
         ++frames;
         if (now - lastReport > 2'000'000'000) {
+            const handcut::CutStats st = renderer.TakeStats();
             std::printf("%.0f s: %d ticks, %d with a cutout (%.1f capsules per eye), composite %.2f ms avg %.2f ms worst, "
-                        "%zu hand capsules known\n",
+                        "%zu hand capsules known; %d draws (%d partial), %d same, %d busy\n",
                         (now - start) / 1e9, frames, cutFrames, cutFrames ? caps2d / 2.0 / cutFrames : 0.0,
-                        cutFrames ? ms / cutFrames : 0.0, worst, hands.capsules().size());
+                        cutFrames ? ms / cutFrames : 0.0, worst, hands.capsules().size(), st.draws, st.partial, st.same,
+                        st.busy);
             std::fflush(stdout);
             lastReport = now, frames = cutFrames = 0, ms = worst = 0, caps2d = 0;
         }

screens/vr.cpp

@@ -270,7 +270,9 @@ struct Screen {
     const void *key = nullptr;    // the client buffer on it now, and its dmabuf (for cutouts)
     ft_dmabuf buf{};
     vr::SharedTextureHandle_t plain = 0;  // that buffer's SteamVR import
+    uint64_t frames = 0;          // client frames presented (a cutout buffer's "serial")
     bool cutting = false;         // showing a cutout buffer (side by side) instead
+    vr::SharedTextureHandle_t cutShown = 0;  // ...this one
     double chrome = 0.3;          // the bar's width; the other controls follow it (ChromeSize)
     double grip = 0.04;           // the corner tab's and the round buttons' size
     // A floating window's panel (see the top): the window's rectangle in the buffer, its
@@ -1330,7 +1332,8 @@ void UpdateCatcher() {
     for (int k = 0; k < 3; ++k) params.vSource.v[k] = l.m[k][3], params.vDirection.v[k] = -l.m[k][2];
     for (auto &[i, s] : g_screens) {
         if (!s.visible) continue;
-        std::vector<vr::VROverlayHandle_t> parts(s.All().begin(), s.All().end());
+        const auto all = s.All();  // one copy: two calls give two temporaries, not one range
+        std::vector<vr::VROverlayHandle_t> parts(all.begin(), all.end());
         for (const auto &[k, sub] : s.subs) parts.push_back(sub.overlay);
         for (auto o : parts) {
             vr::VROverlayIntersectionResults_t hit;
@@ -1437,7 +1440,7 @@ void StopCutting(Screen &s) {
     vr::VROverlay()->SetOverlayFlag(s.overlay, vr::VROverlayFlags_SideBySide_Parallel, false);
     vr::VROverlay()->SetOverlayFlag(s.overlay, vr::VROverlayFlags_IgnoreTextureAlpha, true);
     if (s.plain) SetScreenTexture(s, s.plain);
-    s.cutting = false;
+    s.cutting = false, s.cutShown = 0;
 }
 
 // Each tick: for each visible screen with a hand in front of it (for either eye), draw its
@@ -1458,7 +1461,7 @@ void UpdateCutouts() {
         bool cut = hands && s.visible && !s.floating && s.key && s.width > 0 && ScreenPose(s, &p) &&
                    handcut::Project({p, s.metres, s.heightMetres(), s.curve, s.width, s.height}, g_hands.capsules(),
                                     eyes, spots);
-        const handcut::Output *out = cut && CutterReady() ? g_cutter.Composite(i, s.key, s.buf, spots) : nullptr;
+        const handcut::Output *out = cut && CutterReady() ? g_cutter.Composite(i, s.key, s.frames, s.buf, spots) : nullptr;
         const vr::SharedTextureHandle_t h = out ? ImportCutout(out) : 0;
         if (!h) {
             StopCutting(s);
@@ -1469,7 +1472,7 @@ void UpdateCutouts() {
             vr::VROverlay()->SetOverlayFlag(s.overlay, vr::VROverlayFlags_SideBySide_Parallel, true);
             s.cutting = true;
         }
-        SetScreenTexture(s, h);
+        if (h != s.cutShown) SetScreenTexture(s, h), s.cutShown = h;   // the same buffer stays: no new frame for SteamVR
     }
 }
 
@@ -1698,7 +1701,7 @@ bool ft_vr_screen_present(int index, const void *key, const struct ft_dmabuf *b)
         PlaceChrome(s);  // the height changed
         std::printf("screen %d: %dx%d\n", index + 1, s.width, s.height);
     }
-    s.key = key, s.buf = *b, s.plain = it->second;
+    s.key = key, s.buf = *b, s.plain = it->second, ++s.frames;
     // While cutting, the next tick draws the new buffer with the cutouts (never floating).
     if (!s.cutting) SetScreenTexture(s, it->second);
     vr::SharedTextureHandle_t handle = it->second;
@@ -2130,9 +2133,18 @@ void ft_vr_command(const char *cmd, char *reply, int size) {
             g_hands.SetPrediction(g_hands.predicting(), ms);
         else if (std::strcmp(word, "state") != 0)
             return (void)std::snprintf(reply, size, "error cutouts on|off|state|predict on|off|lead <ms>");
-        std::snprintf(reply, size, "ok %s %s %.2f ms, predict %s lead %.0f ms", g_cutouts ? "on" : "off",
-                      g_cutterState > 0 ? "ready" : g_cutterState < 0 ? "unavailable" : "idle", g_cutter.lastMs(),
-                      g_hands.predicting() ? "on" : "off", g_hands.leadMs());
+        // Composite's counts since the last state, per second.
+        static auto since = Clock::now();
+        const double dt = std::max(1e-3, std::chrono::duration<double>(Clock::now() - since).count());
+        since = Clock::now();
+        const handcut::CutStats c = g_cutter.TakeStats();
+        const int calls = c.draws + c.same + c.busy;
+        std::snprintf(reply, size,
+                      "ok %s %s %.2f ms, predict %s lead %.0f ms; per s: %.1f draws (%.1f partial), %.1f same, %.1f busy, "
+                      "%.1f waits; CPU %.2f ms avg %.2f worst",
+                      g_cutouts ? "on" : "off", g_cutterState > 0 ? "ready" : g_cutterState < 0 ? "unavailable" : "idle",
+                      g_cutter.lastMs(), g_hands.predicting() ? "on" : "off", g_hands.leadMs(), c.draws / dt,
+                      c.partial / dt, c.same / dt, c.busy / dt, c.waits / dt, calls ? c.cpuMs / calls : 0.0, c.worstMs);
     } else if (int x0, y0, w0, h0, t0; std::sscanf(cmd, "float %d %lf %d %d %d %d %d", &n, &w, &x0, &y0, &w0, &h0, &t0) == 7) {
         Screen *s = Find(n);
         if (!s || !s->floating) return (void)std::snprintf(reply, size, "error no floating window panel %d", n);