From 9e4dcdd147edf95a02cccdf2f1dbb076ab3f1e7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: saphid <4596216+saphid@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Sep 2026 20:56:14 +1000
Subject: [PATCH] Mac in the headset: measure every frame, adapt to the
 network, separate windows

- Per-frame timing on the Mac's clock (capture, encode, network, decode,
  draw), viewer clock sync and reports, input echo, /stats and a HUD.
- scripts/macview-bench.py: repeatable runs on the real Frame, a shaping
  relay (no sudo), interleaved A/B between agent settings; results in
  bench/results/.
- Adaptive controller: ack-based send gate with jitter-aware slack, AIMD
  bitrate that knows when a stream is app-limited, fps then size tiers.
  On a 50->3->50 Mbit/s step, scroll p95 went from 4.7 s to 72 ms; no cost
  on a clean link.
- Separate mode: real AppKit event loop (HiDPI and NSScreen now work),
  cropped capture for fixed-size windows, windows kept on their display,
  graceful quit restores windows; stop/start races fixed.
- Encoder timeline clamp (no oversized frame after a pause).
- Frame Control shows each live stream's fps, delay, bitrate and tier.

Reviewed by GPT-6 Astra xhigh (read-only), 7 rounds; findings fixed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 bench/pages/present.html                      |   24 +
 bench/pages/scroll.html                       |   32 +
 bench/pages/type.html                         |    9 +
 ...26-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean.json | 4211 +++++++++++++++++
 ...6-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean2.json | 4150 ++++++++++++++++
 ...26-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-step3.json | 3743 +++++++++++++++
 .../2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-keepwarm.json | 2172 +++++++++
 .../2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean.json |  984 ++++
 ...2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean2.json | 1116 +++++
 ...26-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline-fixed.json | 1124 +++++
 .../2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline.json    | 1124 +++++
 docs/how-the-frame-works.md                   |    1 +
 docs/mac-in-headset.md                        |  161 +-
 docs/mac-window-separation.md                 |  200 +
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/CGVirtualDisplay.h |   28 +
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Capture.swift      |  103 +-
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Controller.swift   |  234 +
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Encoder.swift      |   73 +-
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Separate.swift     |  295 ++
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Server.swift       |    6 +-
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Stats.swift        |  180 +
 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/main.swift         |  321 +-
 mac/frame-mac-view/build.sh                   |    1 +
 mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh                     |   50 +
 scripts/macview-bench.py                      |  815 ++++
 tests/test_macview.py                         |   80 +-
 ui/frame_macview.py                           |   25 +-
 ui/index.html                                 |   39 +-
 ui/mac-view.html                              |  208 +-
 29 files changed, 21405 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 bench/pages/present.html
 create mode 100644 bench/pages/scroll.html
 create mode 100644 bench/pages/type.html
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean2.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-step3.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-keepwarm.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean2.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline-fixed.json
 create mode 100644 bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline.json
 create mode 100644 docs/mac-window-separation.md
 create mode 100644 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/CGVirtualDisplay.h
 create mode 100644 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Controller.swift
 create mode 100644 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Separate.swift
 create mode 100644 mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Stats.swift
 create mode 100755 mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh
 create mode 100755 scripts/macview-bench.py

diff --git a/bench/pages/present.html b/bench/pages/present.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e783fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/pages/present.html
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<!-- Control experiment, run on the Frame itself: how often does Chromium on
+     gamescope put a canvas animation on screen, with no network or decoding
+     involved? Draws every animation frame for ?s= seconds and writes the
+     frame-gap histogram per second into the title, where xprop can read it. -->
+<html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>fmv-present</title></head>
+<body style="margin:0;background:#000"><canvas id="c" width="1280" height="720" style="width:100%;height:100%"></canvas>
+<script>
+const q = new URLSearchParams(location.search), secs = +q.get("s") || 15, tag = q.get("tag") || "";
+const ctx = document.getElementById("c").getContext("2d", { alpha: false, desynchronized: true });
+const perSec = []; let t0 = 0, last = 0, n = 0, gaps = [];
+function frame(t) {
+  if (!t0) t0 = last = t;
+  ctx.fillStyle = "#123"; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 1280, 720);
+  ctx.fillStyle = "#fff"; ctx.fillRect((n * 21) % 1280, 0, 20, 720); n++;
+  const s = Math.floor((t - t0) / 1000);
+  (perSec[s] = perSec[s] || []).push(t - last); last = t;
+  if (t - t0 < secs * 1000) return requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+  const out = perSec.map(g => g.length).join(",");
+  document.title = `[${tag}] done fps/s=${out}`;
+}
+document.title = `[${tag}] running`;
+requestAnimationFrame(frame);
+</script></body></html>
diff --git a/bench/pages/scroll.html b/bench/pages/scroll.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..602ced9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/pages/scroll.html
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<!-- Benchmark content: a long page of text that scrolls itself at a steady
+     speed, so every frame changes the way reading a real page does. -->
+<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>fmv-bench scroll</title>
+<style>
+  body { font: 17px/1.55 -apple-system, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 900px; padding: 24px; color: #1d1d1f; background: #fff; }
+  h2 { font-size: 22px; margin: 28px 0 8px; } code { background: #f2f2f5; padding: 1px 4px; border-radius: 3px; }
+</style></head><body><div id="doc"></div>
+<script>
+const words = "latency frame panel stream encoder decoder network display pixel window capture budget quality motion text sharp adaptive controller queue socket clock".split(" ");
+let seed = 7; const rnd = () => (seed = (seed * 16807) % 2147483647) / 2147483647;
+let html = "";
+for (let s = 0; s < 120; s++) {
+  html += `<h2>Section ${s + 1}: ${words[s % words.length]} and ${words[(s * 7) % words.length]}</h2>`;
+  for (let p = 0; p < 4; p++) {
+    let para = [];
+    for (let w = 0; w < 70; w++) para.push(rnd() < 0.05 ? `<code>${words[Math.floor(rnd() * words.length)]}()</code>` : words[Math.floor(rnd() * words.length)]);
+    html += `<p>${para.join(" ")}.</p>`;
+  }
+}
+document.getElementById("doc").innerHTML = html;
+// 240 points a second, whatever the display's refresh rate.
+// The title carries the page's own frame rate, so the source's rate is known.
+let last = performance.now(), frames = 0, since = last;
+function step(now) {
+  const dy = (now - last) * 0.24; last = now;
+  if (++frames && now - since >= 1000) { document.title = `fmv-bench scroll ${frames} fps`; frames = 0; since = now; }
+  if (window.scrollY + innerHeight >= document.body.scrollHeight - 2) window.scrollTo(0, 0); else window.scrollBy(0, dy);
+  requestAnimationFrame(step);
+}
+requestAnimationFrame(step);
+</script></body></html>
diff --git a/bench/pages/type.html b/bench/pages/type.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..288904c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/pages/type.html
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<!-- Benchmark content: a plain text editor, focused, for typing tests. -->
+<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>fmv-bench type</title>
+<style>
+  html, body { margin: 0; height: 100%; background: #fff; }
+  textarea { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0; padding: 20px; outline: none; resize: none;
+             font: 20px/1.5 ui-monospace, Menlo, monospace; color: #111; caret-color: transparent; }  /* a blinking caret would pass for a reply to a key */
+</style></head><body><textarea id="t" autofocus spellcheck="false"></textarea>
+<script>document.getElementById("t").focus();</script></body></html>
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b1f835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4211 @@
+{
+ "label": "ab-adapt-clean",
+ "date": "2026-09-28T17:50:22",
+ "commit": "a3c6e5c+dirty",
+ "config": {
+  "quality": "balanced",
+  "mode": "separate",
+  "net": "none",
+  "delay_ms": 0,
+  "buffer_ms": 250,
+  "host": "frame",
+  "ssh_opts": [],
+  "encoder": "",
+  "duration_s": 15.0,
+  "browser_flags": []
+ },
+ "frame_build": "20260925.6191901",
+ "mac": "26.5.2",
+ "headset": ":35.258683 [Info] - 0 - entering standby",
+ "scenarios": [],
+ "arms": [
+  "off:FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT=0",
+  "on:"
+ ],
+ "runs": {
+  "off": [
+   [
+    {
+     "scenario": "test",
+     "frames_sent": 944,
+     "frames_drawn": 944,
+     "frames_shown": 648,
+     "duration_s": 15.7,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.0,
+       "p99": 0.0,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.1,
+       "p99": 0.1,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 4.3,
+       "p95": 5.0,
+       "p99": 5.2,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.2,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 5.6,
+       "p95": 9.6,
+       "p99": 12.9,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 1.0,
+       "p95": 1.7,
+       "p99": 4.2,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.3,
+       "p95": 0.5,
+       "p99": 0.9,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 4.5,
+       "p95": 15.8,
+       "p99": 18.4,
+       "n": 648
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 11.5,
+       "p95": 15.8,
+       "p99": 19.3,
+       "n": 944
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 17.0,
+       "p95": 28.4,
+       "p99": 31.5,
+       "n": 648
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 60.1,
+     "fps_shown": 41.2,
+     "late_pct": 0.95,
+     "stall_max": 68.8,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 0,
+     "mbps": 0.48,
+     "keyframes": 1,
+     "size": "1280x720",
+     "captured": 1034,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "p50": 28.8,
+      "p95": 38.1,
+      "p99": 45.1,
+      "n": 30
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "p50": 30.2,
+      "p95": 45.6,
+      "p99": 50.1,
+      "n": 19
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "p50": 7.1,
+       "p95": 21.5,
+       "p99": 23.6,
+       "n": 30
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "p50": 4.2,
+       "p95": 15.1,
+       "p99": 15.8,
+       "n": 30
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "p50": 12.2,
+       "p95": 16.3,
+       "p99": 16.9,
+       "n": 30
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 30,
+      "seen": 30
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.51,
+       "content_p50": 10.9,
+       "content_p95": 16.7,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.49,
+       "content_p50": 10.2,
+       "content_p95": 15.2,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.5,
+       "content_p50": 10.2,
+       "content_p95": 13.4,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.51,
+       "content_p50": 10.3,
+       "content_p95": 15.9,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.5,
+       "content_p50": 10.4,
+       "content_p95": 14.7,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.49,
+       "content_p50": 10.7,
+       "content_p95": 14.9,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.59,
+       "content_p50": 10.7,
+       "content_p95": 13.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.48,
+       "content_p50": 10.1,
+       "content_p95": 11.9,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 10.4,
+       "content_p95": 12.7,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 10.6,
+       "content_p95": 14.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.44,
+       "content_p50": 13.8,
+       "content_p95": 16.4,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.44,
+       "content_p50": 14.3,
+       "content_p95": 18.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 13.7,
+       "content_p95": 15.7,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 14.1,
+       "content_p95": 17.3,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 12.1,
+       "content_p95": 18.5,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 44,
+       "mbps": 0.32,
+       "content_p50": 12.1,
+       "content_p95": 13.4,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 11.5,
+     "content_p95": 15.8,
+     "input_p50": 28.8,
+     "input_p95": 38.1,
+     "grades": {
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "local",
+      "input_p50": "local",
+      "input_p95": "local",
+      "fps": "local",
+      "late_pct": "local",
+      "stall_max": "local"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": false,
+      "baseRtt": 5.833,
+      "ceiling": 5529600,
+      "fps": 60,
+      "inFlight": 2,
+      "scale": 1,
+      "target": 5529600,
+      "tier": 0
+     },
+     "events": [],
+     "source_fps": 65.9,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 16.1,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 66.4,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 5.8,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.6,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 28.1,
+      "frame_total_pct": 31.6
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 142 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.52,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001639889",
+     "src": "test"
+    },
+    {
+     "scenario": "scroll",
+     "frames_sent": 742,
+     "frames_drawn": 742,
+     "frames_shown": 603,
+     "duration_s": 15.8,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": -3.8,
+       "p95": 12.1,
+       "p99": 22.3,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.0,
+       "p99": 0.1,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 6.7,
+       "p95": 9.0,
+       "p99": 16.4,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.5,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 8.1,
+       "p95": 24.9,
+       "p99": 61.3,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 6.0,
+       "p95": 12.4,
+       "p99": 26.2,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.6,
+       "p95": 1.2,
+       "p99": 1.9,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 2.1,
+       "p95": 19.6,
+       "p99": 24.7,
+       "n": 603
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 19.5,
+       "p95": 44.4,
+       "p99": 118.6,
+       "n": 742
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 25.0,
+       "p95": 51.3,
+       "p99": 125.2,
+       "n": 603
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 47.1,
+     "fps_shown": 38.3,
+     "late_pct": 20.92,
+     "stall_max": 128.0,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 2,
+     "mbps": 9.15,
+     "keyframes": 1,
+     "size": "1920x1290",
+     "captured": 815,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "n": 0
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 0,
+      "seen": 0
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 40,
+       "mbps": 9.15,
+       "content_p50": 28.7,
+       "content_p95": 139.7,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 36,
+       "mbps": 7.35,
+       "content_p50": 23.6,
+       "content_p95": 37.5,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 44,
+       "mbps": 9.92,
+       "content_p50": 21.9,
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+     "content_p95": 15.4,
+     "input_p50": 24.6,
+     "input_p95": 39.8,
+     "grades": {
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "local",
+      "input_p50": "local",
+      "input_p95": "local",
+      "fps": "local",
+      "late_pct": "local",
+      "stall_max": "acceptable"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": true,
+      "baseRtt": 5.459,
+      "ceiling": 5529600,
+      "fps": 60,
+      "inFlight": 2,
+      "scale": 1,
+      "target": 5529600,
+      "tier": 0
+     },
+     "events": [],
+     "source_fps": 65.7,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 15.9,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 66.0,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 5.4,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.8,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 28.8,
+      "frame_total_pct": 32.1
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 141 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.49,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001639889",
+     "src": "test"
+    },
+    {
+     "scenario": "scroll",
+     "frames_sent": 604,
+     "frames_drawn": 604,
+     "frames_shown": 496,
+     "duration_s": 15.8,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": -3.6,
+       "p95": 11.2,
+       "p99": 19.8,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 15.4,
+       "p99": 23.5,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 6.8,
+       "p95": 9.3,
+       "p99": 19.2,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.7,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 7.9,
+       "p95": 76.6,
+       "p99": 94.2,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 6.3,
+       "p95": 19.1,
+       "p99": 25.5,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.6,
+       "p95": 1.0,
+       "p99": 1.6,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 0.9,
+       "p95": 19.0,
+       "p99": 22.0,
+       "n": 496
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 23.4,
+       "p95": 100.3,
+       "p99": 145.3,
+       "n": 604
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 28.9,
+       "p95": 104.7,
+       "p99": 158.2,
+       "n": 496
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 38.2,
+     "fps_shown": 31.3,
+     "late_pct": 25.87,
+     "stall_max": 180.7,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 22,
+     "mbps": 6.88,
+     "keyframes": 1,
+     "size": "1920x1290",
+     "captured": 843,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "n": 0
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 0,
+      "seen": 0
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 28,
+       "mbps": 6.12,
+       "content_p50": 30.5,
+       "content_p95": 161.7,
+       "bitrate": 7430400,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 24,
+       "mbps": 4.2,
+       "content_p50": 36.9,
+       "content_p95": 120.7,
+       "bitrate": 8223440,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 41,
+       "mbps": 8.28,
+       "content_p50": 20.3,
+       "content_p95": 62.3,
+       "bitrate": 11110898,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 42,
+       "mbps": 9.01,
+       "content_p50": 22.2,
+       "content_p95": 91.7,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 47,
+       "mbps": 8.61,
+       "content_p50": 15.8,
+       "content_p95": 81.3,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 43,
+       "mbps": 8.02,
+       "content_p50": 17.4,
+       "content_p95": 56.5,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 40,
+       "mbps": 7.97,
+       "content_p50": 29.0,
+       "content_p95": 82.4,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 36,
+       "mbps": 7.83,
+       "content_p50": 33.3,
+       "content_p95": 100.5,
+       "bitrate": 6992996,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 40,
+       "mbps": 5.6,
+       "content_p50": 21.7,
+       "content_p95": 97.9,
+       "bitrate": 7742295,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 43,
+       "mbps": 7.07,
+       "content_p50": 19.5,
+       "content_p95": 90.7,
+       "bitrate": 10470493,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 44,
+       "mbps": 7.09,
+       "content_p50": 19.9,
+       "content_p95": 97.5,
+       "bitrate": 7246454,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 35,
+       "mbps": 5.19,
+       "content_p50": 22.4,
+       "content_p95": 166.6,
+       "bitrate": 5307220,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 39,
+       "mbps": 4.5,
+       "content_p50": 22.9,
+       "content_p95": 84.3,
+       "bitrate": 5887942,
+       "tier": 1,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 36,
+       "mbps": 5.81,
+       "content_p50": 28.4,
+       "content_p95": 94.8,
+       "bitrate": 8002349,
+       "tier": 1,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 36,
+       "mbps": 7.68,
+       "content_p50": 27.4,
+       "content_p95": 107.5,
+       "bitrate": 11948287,
+       "tier": 1,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 30,
+       "mbps": 5.87,
+       "content_p50": 33.0,
+       "content_p95": 104.9,
+       "bitrate": 14562426,
+       "tier": 1,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 23.4,
+     "content_p95": 100.3,
+     "input_p50": null,
+     "input_p95": null,
+     "grades": {
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "bad",
+      "fps": "bad",
+      "late_pct": "bad",
+      "stall_max": "acceptable"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": true,
+      "baseRtt": 6.959,
+      "ceiling": 14860800,
+      "fps": 60,
+      "inFlight": 2,
+      "scale": 1,
+      "target": 7430400,
+      "tier": 0
+     },
+     "events": [
+      {
+       "t": 0.87,
+       "e": "down to 7430 kbit/s: queue 191 ms, held 3, oldest 218 ms, base 7 ms, sent 4207 got 3329"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7.54,
+       "e": "down to 8741 kbit/s: queue 52 ms, held 3, oldest 35 ms, base 7 ms, sent 10505 got 9712"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7.84,
+       "e": "down to 6992 kbit/s: queue 17 ms, held 3, oldest 3 ms, base 7 ms, sent 8895 got 9452"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10.54,
+       "e": "down to 7246 kbit/s: queue 19 ms, held 3, oldest 80 ms, base 7 ms, sent 8009 got 8051"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11.74,
+       "e": "down to 5307 kbit/s: queue 26 ms, held 3, oldest 9 ms, base 6 ms, sent 5808 got 5896"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12.34,
+       "e": "tier 1"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 16.14,
+       "e": "tier 0"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 17.34,
+       "e": "down to 7430 kbit/s: queue 94 ms, held 2, oldest 94 ms, base 6 ms, sent 7608 got 6892"
+      }
+     ],
+     "source_fps": 53.4,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 6.5,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 69.3,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 6.4,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.6,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 23.2,
+      "frame_total_pct": 27.8
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 139 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.35,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001652781",
+     "src": "separate:13306"
+    }
+   ],
+   [
+    {
+     "scenario": "test",
+     "frames_sent": 482,
+     "frames_drawn": 482,
+     "frames_shown": 479,
+     "duration_s": 15.7,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.0,
+       "p99": 0.0,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 8.8,
+       "p95": 16.5,
+       "p99": 18.6,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 3.7,
+       "p95": 4.5,
+       "p99": 5.0,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.2,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 6.0,
+       "p95": 36.8,
+       "p99": 84.9,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 1.0,
+       "p95": 2.7,
+       "p99": 4.8,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.3,
+       "p95": 0.7,
+       "p99": 0.9,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 0.6,
+       "p95": 10.8,
+       "p99": 13.0,
+       "n": 479
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 22.9,
+       "p95": 54.1,
+       "p99": 104.8,
+       "n": 482
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 24.9,
+       "p95": 54.9,
+       "p99": 77.6,
+       "n": 479
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 30.6,
+     "fps_shown": 30.4,
+     "late_pct": 68.81,
+     "stall_max": 218.0,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 10,
+     "mbps": 0.19,
+     "keyframes": 2,
+     "size": "960x540",
+     "captured": 1037,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "p50": 53.9,
+      "p95": 117.8,
+      "p99": 222.5,
+      "n": 29
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "p50": 54.4,
+      "p95": 123.9,
+      "p99": 223.5,
+      "n": 29
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "p50": 17.7,
+       "p95": 77.5,
+       "p99": 127.7,
+       "n": 29
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "p50": 8.2,
+       "p95": 30.4,
+       "p99": 63.3,
+       "n": 29
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "p50": 19.5,
+       "p95": 38.3,
+       "p99": 38.6,
+       "n": 29
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 30,
+      "seen": 29
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 55,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.9,
+       "content_p95": 20.9,
+       "bitrate": 1545640,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 33,
+       "mbps": 0.28,
+       "content_p50": 27.7,
+       "content_p95": 40.2,
+       "bitrate": 772820,
+       "tier": 3,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 32,
+       "mbps": 0.28,
+       "content_p50": 22.9,
+       "content_p95": 29.0,
+       "bitrate": 772820,
+       "tier": 3,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 25,
+       "mbps": 0.23,
+       "content_p50": 26.5,
+       "content_p95": 106.6,
+       "bitrate": 386410,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 21,
+       "mbps": 0.14,
+       "content_p50": 37.0,
+       "content_p95": 54.1,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 24,
+       "mbps": 0.1,
+       "content_p50": 32.6,
+       "content_p95": 96.2,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 31,
+       "mbps": 0.12,
+       "content_p50": 29.6,
+       "content_p95": 46.7,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 30,
+       "mbps": 0.12,
+       "content_p50": 25.7,
+       "content_p95": 80.1,
+       "bitrate": 380000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 32,
+       "mbps": 0.2,
+       "content_p50": 29.0,
+       "content_p95": 56.4,
+       "bitrate": 671280,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 26,
+       "mbps": 0.13,
+       "content_p50": 31.8,
+       "content_p95": 47.8,
+       "bitrate": 458624,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 30,
+       "mbps": 0.14,
+       "content_p50": 36.1,
+       "content_p95": 64.2,
+       "bitrate": 458624,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 29,
+       "mbps": 0.14,
+       "content_p50": 28.1,
+       "content_p95": 56.7,
+       "bitrate": 458624,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 26,
+       "mbps": 0.11,
+       "content_p50": 18.7,
+       "content_p95": 27.8,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 32,
+       "mbps": 0.24,
+       "content_p50": 20.1,
+       "content_p95": 24.8,
+       "bitrate": 468000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 32,
+       "mbps": 0.18,
+       "content_p50": 19.4,
+       "content_p95": 32.8,
+       "bitrate": 468000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 24,
+       "mbps": 0.12,
+       "content_p50": 21.9,
+       "content_p95": 35.2,
+       "bitrate": 671280,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 22.9,
+     "content_p95": 54.1,
+     "input_p50": 53.9,
+     "input_p95": 117.8,
+     "grades": {
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "acceptable",
+      "input_p50": "acceptable",
+      "input_p95": "acceptable",
+      "fps": "bad",
+      "late_pct": "bad",
+      "stall_max": "acceptable"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": true,
+      "baseRtt": 6.417,
+      "ceiling": 5529600,
+      "fps": 30,
+      "inFlight": 2,
+      "scale": 0.5,
+      "target": 1386355,
+      "tier": 4
+     },
+     "events": [
+      {
+       "t": 0.87,
+       "e": "down to 1545 kbit/s: queue 18 ms, held 3, oldest 11 ms, base 5 ms, sent 424 got 420"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1.27,
+       "e": "down to 772 kbit/s: queue 40 ms, held 3, oldest 55 ms, base 5 ms, sent 374 got 368"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1.48,
+       "e": "tier 3"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3.37,
+       "e": "down to 386 kbit/s: queue 119 ms, held 5, oldest 20 ms, base 5 ms, sent 210 got 208"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3.88,
+       "e": "tier 4"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4.07,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 55 ms, held 0, oldest 0 ms, base 5 ms, sent 254 got 254"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4.97,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 113 ms, held 1, oldest 91 ms, base 5 ms, sent 154 got 161"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9.78,
+       "e": "down to 458 kbit/s: queue 206 ms, held 6, oldest 0 ms, base 6 ms, sent 109 got 127"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12.17,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 4 ms, held 6, oldest 215 ms, base 6 ms, sent 116 got 103"
+      }
+     ],
+     "source_fps": 66.1,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 10.9,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 42.3,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 3.8,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.4,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 15.4,
+      "frame_total_pct": 23.3
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 70 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.46,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001639889",
+     "src": "test"
+    },
+    {
+     "scenario": "scroll",
+     "frames_sent": 523,
+     "frames_drawn": 523,
+     "frames_shown": 515,
+     "duration_s": 15.7,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": -4.7,
+       "p95": 10.3,
+       "p99": 17.5,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 18.2,
+       "p99": 33.6,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 6.8,
+       "p95": 8.4,
+       "p99": 17.2,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.4,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 7.7,
+       "p95": 34.2,
+       "p99": 205.8,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 6.2,
+       "p95": 15.1,
+       "p99": 23.5,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.6,
+       "p95": 0.8,
+       "p99": 1.7,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 0.5,
+       "p95": 11.4,
+       "p99": 14.3,
+       "n": 515
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 23.9,
+       "p95": 65.6,
+       "p99": 214.3,
+       "n": 523
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 26.4,
+       "p95": 66.0,
+       "p99": 215.2,
+       "n": 515
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 33.3,
+     "fps_shown": 32.7,
+     "late_pct": 56.13,
+     "stall_max": 321.6,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 10,
+     "mbps": 6.29,
+     "keyframes": 2,
+     "size": "1920x1290",
+     "captured": 789,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "n": 0
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 0,
+      "seen": 0
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 29,
+       "mbps": 6.01,
+       "content_p50": 17.9,
+       "content_p95": 139.0,
+       "bitrate": 7430400,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 26,
+       "mbps": 2.1,
+       "content_p50": 33.3,
+       "content_p95": 86.5,
+       "bitrate": 2202984,
+       "tier": 3,
+       "w": 1440,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 30,
+       "mbps": 2.11,
+       "content_p50": 23.4,
+       "content_p95": 40.3,
+       "bitrate": 2770610,
+       "tier": 3,
+       "w": 1440,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 30,
+       "mbps": 3.24,
+       "content_p50": 19.3,
+       "content_p95": 47.2,
+       "bitrate": 3853181,
+       "tier": 3,
+       "w": 1440,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 26,
+       "mbps": 3.85,
+       "content_p50": 20.9,
+       "content_p95": 120.6,
+       "bitrate": 5294082,
+       "tier": 3,
+       "w": 1440,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 26,
+       "mbps": 2.95,
+       "content_p50": 23.3,
+       "content_p95": 46.7,
+       "bitrate": 3187180,
+       "tier": 2,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 29,
+       "mbps": 3.51,
+       "content_p50": 27.5,
+       "content_p95": 48.7,
+       "bitrate": 4898398,
+       "tier": 2,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 28,
+       "mbps": 5.29,
+       "content_p50": 28.2,
+       "content_p95": 48.8,
+       "bitrate": 6685266,
+       "tier": 2,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 29,
+       "mbps": 7.09,
+       "content_p50": 23.8,
+       "content_p95": 50.0,
+       "bitrate": 9063588,
+       "tier": 2,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 35,
+       "mbps": 9.72,
+       "content_p50": 31.0,
+       "content_p95": 59.7,
+       "bitrate": 13502047,
+       "tier": 1,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 42,
+       "mbps": 12.62,
+       "content_p50": 23.9,
+       "content_p95": 34.4,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 1,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 47,
+       "mbps": 11.31,
+       "content_p50": 20.5,
+       "content_p95": 41.9,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 35,
+       "mbps": 8.1,
+       "content_p50": 20.7,
+       "content_p95": 120.2,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 35,
+       "mbps": 6.11,
+       "content_p50": 21.1,
+       "content_p95": 36.8,
+       "bitrate": 7430400,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 42,
+       "mbps": 8.02,
+       "content_p50": 24.8,
+       "content_p95": 38.7,
+       "bitrate": 10055362,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 34,
+       "mbps": 6.95,
+       "content_p50": 19.2,
+       "content_p95": 309.3,
+       "bitrate": 12271987,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 23.9,
+     "content_p95": 65.6,
+     "input_p50": null,
+     "input_p95": null,
+     "grades": {
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "acceptable",
+      "fps": "bad",
+      "late_pct": "bad",
+      "stall_max": "bad"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": true,
+      "baseRtt": 7.209,
+      "ceiling": 14860800,
+      "fps": 60,
+      "inFlight": 1,
+      "scale": 1,
+      "target": 7502051,
+      "tier": 0
+     },
+     "events": [
+      {
+       "t": 0.78,
+       "e": "down to 7430 kbit/s: queue 95 ms, held 3, oldest 0 ms, base 7 ms, sent 4459 got 5191"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1.08,
+       "e": "down to 3715 kbit/s: queue 130 ms, held 2, oldest 127 ms, base 7 ms, sent 2434 got 2754"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1.48,
+       "e": "down to 2202 kbit/s: queue 44 ms, held 1, oldest 37 ms, base 7 ms, sent 1917 got 2447"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1.68,
+       "e": "tier 3"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4.98,
+       "e": "down to 3187 kbit/s: queue 102 ms, held 0, oldest 31 ms, base 7 ms, sent 3802 got 3541"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5.18,
+       "e": "tier 2"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9.38,
+       "e": "tier 1"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11.48,
+       "e": "tier 0"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13.28,
+       "e": "down to 7430 kbit/s: queue 257 ms, held 5, oldest 240 ms, base 6 ms, sent 4758 got 6534"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15.99,
+       "e": "down to 6774 kbit/s: queue 1 ms, held 6, oldest 284 ms, base 7 ms, sent 5665 got 4867"
+      }
+     ],
+     "source_fps": 50.3,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 5.8,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 64.7,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 5.9,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.6,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 16.2,
+      "frame_total_pct": 26.5
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 71 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.37,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001605080",
+     "src": "separate:13687"
+    }
+   ]
+  ]
+ },
+ "table": {
+  "test": {
+   "content_p50": {
+    "off": [
+     11.5,
+     10.5,
+     12.2
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     10.9,
+     10.5,
+     22.9
+    ]
+   },
+   "content_p95": {
+    "off": [
+     15.8,
+     52.3,
+     29.7
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     75.0,
+     15.4,
+     54.1
+    ]
+   },
+   "input_p50": {
+    "off": [
+     28.8,
+     26.7,
+     31.4
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     27.2,
+     24.6,
+     53.9
+    ]
+   },
+   "input_p95": {
+    "off": [
+     38.1,
+     89.3,
+     78.1
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     95.5,
+     39.8,
+     117.8
+    ]
+   },
+   "fps": {
+    "off": [
+     60.1,
+     60.1,
+     60.1
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     53.6,
+     59.4,
+     30.6
+    ]
+   },
+   "late_pct": {
+    "off": [
+     0.95,
+     3.61,
+     5.73
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     6.06,
+     0.75,
+     68.81
+    ]
+   },
+   "stall_max": {
+    "off": [
+     68.8,
+     120.1,
+     123.4
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     127.2,
+     126.0,
+     218.0
+    ]
+   },
+   "mbps": {
+    "off": [
+     0.48,
+     0.47,
+     0.48
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     0.43,
+     0.48,
+     0.19
+    ]
+   }
+  },
+  "scroll": {
+   "content_p50": {
+    "off": [
+     19.5,
+     33.3,
+     25.3
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     16.6,
+     23.4,
+     23.9
+    ]
+   },
+   "content_p95": {
+    "off": [
+     44.4,
+     108.6,
+     110.6
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     45.7,
+     100.3,
+     65.6
+    ]
+   },
+   "input_p50": {
+    "off": [],
+    "on": []
+   },
+   "input_p95": {
+    "off": [],
+    "on": []
+   },
+   "fps": {
+    "off": [
+     47.1,
+     52.6,
+     39.5
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     48.4,
+     38.2,
+     33.3
+    ]
+   },
+   "late_pct": {
+    "off": [
+     20.92,
+     14.84,
+     33.66
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     21.06,
+     25.87,
+     56.13
+    ]
+   },
+   "stall_max": {
+    "off": [
+     128.0,
+     232.0,
+     362.0
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     88.2,
+     180.7,
+     321.6
+    ]
+   },
+   "mbps": {
+    "off": [
+     9.15,
+     9.35,
+     8.59
+    ],
+    "on": [
+     9.16,
+     6.88,
+     6.29
+    ]
+   }
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean2.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean2.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d88f64a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-clean2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4150 @@
+{
+ "label": "ab-adapt-clean2",
+ "date": "2026-09-28T20:18:23",
+ "commit": "a3c6e5c+dirty",
+ "config": {
+  "quality": "balanced",
+  "mode": "separate",
+  "net": "none",
+  "delay_ms": 0,
+  "buffer_ms": 250,
+  "host": "frame",
+  "ssh_opts": [],
+  "encoder": "",
+  "duration_s": 15.0,
+  "browser_flags": []
+ },
+ "frame_build": "20260925.6191901",
+ "mac": "26.5.2",
+ "headset": "8:23.135290 [Info] - 0 - leaving standby",
+ "scenarios": [],
+ "arms": [
+  "off:FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT=0",
+  "on:"
+ ],
+ "runs": {
+  "off": [
+   [
+    {
+     "scenario": "test",
+     "frames_sent": 925,
+     "frames_drawn": 925,
+     "frames_shown": 649,
+     "duration_s": 15.4,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.0,
+       "p99": 0.0,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.1,
+       "p99": 0.1,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 3.6,
+       "p95": 4.5,
+       "p99": 4.8,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.4,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 4.0,
+       "p95": 10.6,
+       "p99": 57.5,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 1.0,
+       "p95": 2.9,
+       "p99": 6.5,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.3,
+       "p95": 0.8,
+       "p99": 1.0,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 4.2,
+       "p95": 14.9,
+       "p99": 19.7,
+       "n": 649
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 9.5,
+       "p95": 16.2,
+       "p99": 68.6,
+       "n": 925
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 14.8,
+       "p95": 26.6,
+       "p99": 33.5,
+       "n": 649
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 59.9,
+     "fps_shown": 42.1,
+     "late_pct": 2.05,
+     "stall_max": 150.2,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 2,
+     "mbps": 0.47,
+     "keyframes": 1,
+     "size": "1280x720",
+     "captured": 1047,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "p50": 28.3,
+      "p95": 38.3,
+      "p99": 41.2,
+      "n": 30
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "p50": 34.8,
+      "p95": 43.5,
+      "p99": 47.2,
+      "n": 21
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "p50": 11.3,
+       "p95": 19.6,
+       "p99": 23.2,
+       "n": 30
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "p50": 5.5,
+       "p95": 14.1,
+       "p99": 14.8,
+       "n": 30
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "p50": 9.9,
+       "p95": 13.8,
+       "p99": 15.2,
+       "n": 30
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 30,
+      "seen": 30
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.48,
+       "content_p50": 9.0,
+       "content_p95": 12.0,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 8.8,
+       "content_p95": 11.6,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.0,
+       "content_p95": 15.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 59,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.2,
+       "content_p95": 12.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 61,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.1,
+       "content_p95": 13.2,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.57,
+       "content_p50": 9.0,
+       "content_p95": 13.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 59,
+       "mbps": 0.48,
+       "content_p50": 9.5,
+       "content_p95": 20.4,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 61,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 9.2,
+       "content_p95": 20.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 9.4,
+       "content_p95": 12.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 9.8,
+       "content_p95": 12.3,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.7,
+       "content_p95": 13.0,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 12.8,
+       "content_p95": 14.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 59,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 13.6,
+       "content_p95": 67.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 61,
+       "mbps": 0.48,
+       "content_p50": 13.1,
+       "content_p95": 102.0,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.1,
+       "content_p95": 11.7,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 25,
+       "mbps": 0.19,
+       "content_p50": 9.2,
+       "content_p95": 13.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 9.5,
+     "content_p95": 16.2,
+     "input_p50": 28.3,
+     "input_p95": 38.3,
+     "grades": {
+      "input_replies": "local",
+      "content_p50": "local",
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+       "content_p50": 8.6,
+       "content_p95": 10.4,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 8.8,
+       "content_p95": 11.2,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 8.6,
+       "content_p95": 10.3,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 9.3,
+       "content_p95": 12.3,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 8.6,
+       "content_p95": 10.6,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.56,
+       "content_p50": 9.1,
+       "content_p95": 11.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 59,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 9.1,
+       "content_p95": 25.5,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 12.2,
+       "content_p95": 57.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 52,
+       "mbps": 0.4,
+       "content_p50": 22.0,
+       "content_p95": 159.3,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 47,
+       "mbps": 0.35,
+       "content_p50": 90.3,
+       "content_p95": 164.7,
+       "bitrate": 2764800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 45,
+       "mbps": 0.34,
+       "content_p50": 93.8,
+       "content_p95": 166.0,
+       "bitrate": 345600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 21,
+       "mbps": 0.18,
+       "content_p50": 81.0,
+       "content_p95": 177.2,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 27,
+       "mbps": 0.13,
+       "content_p50": 29.0,
+       "content_p95": 176.3,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 31,
+       "mbps": 0.11,
+       "content_p50": 21.7,
+       "content_p95": 29.4,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 31,
+       "mbps": 0.11,
+       "content_p50": 19.6,
+       "content_p95": 29.3,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 7,
+       "mbps": 0.02,
+       "content_p50": 21.9,
+       "content_p95": 29.3,
+       "bitrate": 300000,
+       "tier": 4,
+       "w": 960,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 9.5,
+     "content_p95": 137.4,
+     "input_p50": 32.1,
+     "input_p95": 63.7,
+     "grades": {
+      "input_replies": "local",
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "bad",
+      "input_p50": "local",
+      "input_p95": "local",
+      "fps": "acceptable",
+      "late_pct": "bad",
+      "stall_max": "bad"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": true,
+      "baseRtt": 5.625,
+      "ceiling": 5529600,
+      "fps": 30,
+      "inFlight": 3,
+      "scale": 0.5,
+      "slack": 86.958,
+      "target": 917248,
+      "tier": 4
+     },
+     "events": [
+      {
+       "t": 9.22,
+       "e": "down to 2764 kbit/s: queue 25 ms, held 4, oldest 0 ms, base 5 ms, sent 354 got 379"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10.02,
+       "e": "down to 1382 kbit/s: queue 99 ms, held 5, oldest 0 ms, base 5 ms, sent 346 got 346"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10.32,
+       "e": "down to 691 kbit/s: queue 109 ms, held 4, oldest 15 ms, base 5 ms, sent 316 got 309"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10.82,
+       "e": "down to 345 kbit/s: queue 105 ms, held 5, oldest 177 ms, base 5 ms, sent 304 got 243"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11.22,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 118 ms, held 0, oldest 42 ms, base 5 ms, sent 302 got 332"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11.42,
+       "e": "tier 4"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11.62,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 140 ms, held 3, oldest 0 ms, base 5 ms, sent 291 got 291"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12.22,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 61 ms, held 2, oldest 1 ms, base 5 ms, sent 152 got 137"
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12.52,
+       "e": "down to 300 kbit/s: queue 102 ms, held 0, oldest 4 ms, base 5 ms, sent 156 got 146"
+      }
+     ],
+     "source_fps": 67.9,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 13.4,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 35.6,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 4.1,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.5,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 7.0,
+      "frame_total_pct": 24.6
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 138 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.29,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001639889",
+     "src": "test"
+    },
+    {
+     "scenario": "scroll",
+     "frames_sent": 852,
+     "frames_drawn": 852,
+     "frames_shown": 607,
+     "duration_s": 15.2,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": -4.5,
+       "p95": 0.5,
+       "p99": 6.7,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.1,
+       "p99": 0.5,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 6.6,
+       "p95": 9.3,
+       "p99": 16.5,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.4,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 5.9,
+       "p95": 15.8,
+       "p99": 58.8,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 5.8,
+       "p95": 11.6,
+       "p99": 23.2,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.6,
+       "p95": 1.3,
+       "p99": 1.8,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 4.2,
+       "p95": 16.4,
+       "p99": 20.1,
+       "n": 607
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 19.6,
+       "p95": 37.9,
+       "p99": 106.2,
+       "n": 852
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 25.7,
+       "p95": 45.1,
+       "p99": 110.7,
+       "n": 607
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 56.2,
+     "fps_shown": 40.0,
+     "late_pct": 5.52,
+     "stall_max": 147.0,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 3,
+     "mbps": 9.36,
+     "keyframes": 1,
+     "size": "1920x1290",
+     "captured": 982,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "n": 0
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "n": 0
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "n": 0
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 0,
+      "seen": 0
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 44,
+       "mbps": 8.61,
+       "content_p50": 29.3,
+       "content_p95": 126.2,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 55,
+       "mbps": 9.63,
+       "content_p50": 19.5,
+       "content_p95": 29.8,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 57,
+       "mbps": 9.2,
+       "content_p50": 20.4,
+       "content_p95": 71.6,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 53,
+       "mbps": 9.04,
+       "content_p50": 19.5,
+       "content_p95": 36.7,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 9.08,
+       "content_p50": 18.9,
+       "content_p95": 22.3,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 57,
+       "mbps": 9.22,
+       "content_p50": 19.3,
+       "content_p95": 25.2,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 57,
+       "mbps": 11.78,
+       "content_p50": 20.5,
+       "content_p95": 37.4,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 57,
+       "mbps": 8.73,
+       "content_p50": 19.2,
+       "content_p95": 24.2,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 9.29,
+       "content_p50": 19.1,
+       "content_p95": 23.3,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 9.5,
+       "content_p50": 18.9,
+       "content_p95": 24.6,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 8.58,
+       "content_p50": 19.2,
+       "content_p95": 23.7,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 11,
+       "fps": 57,
+       "mbps": 9.44,
+       "content_p50": 20.2,
+       "content_p95": 28.5,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 12,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 9.7,
+       "content_p50": 20.1,
+       "content_p95": 37.9,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 13,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 9.15,
+       "content_p50": 20.8,
+       "content_p95": 41.4,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 14,
+       "fps": 58,
+       "mbps": 9.29,
+       "content_p50": 19.7,
+       "content_p95": 23.3,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 15,
+       "fps": 9,
+       "mbps": 1.64,
+       "content_p50": 20.9,
+       "content_p95": 38.1,
+       "bitrate": 14860800,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1920,
+       "net": null
+      }
+     ],
+     "adapt": [],
+     "content_p50": 19.6,
+     "content_p95": 37.9,
+     "input_p50": null,
+     "input_p95": null,
+     "grades": {
+      "content_p50": "local",
+      "content_p95": "local",
+      "fps": "acceptable",
+      "late_pct": "bad",
+      "stall_max": "acceptable"
+     },
+     "controller": {
+      "adapt": true,
+      "baseRtt": 6.625,
+      "ceiling": 14860800,
+      "fps": 60,
+      "inFlight": 1,
+      "scale": 1,
+      "slack": 48.604,
+      "target": 14860800,
+      "tier": 0
+     },
+     "events": [],
+     "source_fps": 64.6,
+     "cpu": {
+      "mac_agent_pct": 8.3,
+      "frame_viewer_pct": 71.7,
+      "frame_tailscaled_pct": 8.0,
+      "frame_sshd_pct": 0.9,
+      "frame_gamescope_pct": 7.2,
+      "frame_total_pct": 29.1
+     },
+     "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 139 Hz",
+     "show_s": 1.27,
+     "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001299121",
+     "src": "separate:5587"
+    }
+   ],
+   [
+    {
+     "scenario": "test",
+     "frames_sent": 908,
+     "frames_drawn": 908,
+     "frames_shown": 382,
+     "duration_s": 15.2,
+     "stages_ms": {
+      "capture": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.0,
+       "p99": 0.0,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "queue": {
+       "p50": 0.0,
+       "p95": 0.1,
+       "p99": 0.2,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "encode": {
+       "p50": 4.2,
+       "p95": 4.8,
+       "p99": 5.1,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "socket": {
+       "p50": 0.1,
+       "p95": 0.2,
+       "p99": 0.2,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "network": {
+       "p50": 4.2,
+       "p95": 7.5,
+       "p99": 10.1,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "decode": {
+       "p50": 1.1,
+       "p95": 4.0,
+       "p99": 4.6,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "draw": {
+       "p50": 0.4,
+       "p95": 1.1,
+       "p99": 1.3,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "present": {
+       "p50": 6.2,
+       "p95": 17.0,
+       "p99": 18.3,
+       "n": 382
+      },
+      "content": {
+       "p50": 10.5,
+       "p95": 14.2,
+       "p99": 16.6,
+       "n": 908
+      },
+      "content_shown": {
+       "p50": 17.1,
+       "p95": 27.2,
+       "p99": 29.4,
+       "n": 382
+      }
+     },
+     "fps": 59.7,
+     "fps_shown": 25.1,
+     "late_pct": 0.33,
+     "stall_max": 122.8,
+     "stalls_over_100ms": 1,
+     "mbps": 0.47,
+     "keyframes": 1,
+     "size": "1280x720",
+     "captured": 1033,
+     "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+     "input_ms": {
+      "p50": 25.2,
+      "p95": 33.5,
+      "p99": 34.1,
+      "n": 30
+     },
+     "input_shown_ms": {
+      "p50": 32.4,
+      "p95": 43.4,
+      "p99": 43.4,
+      "n": 9
+     },
+     "input_parts_ms": {
+      "uplink": {
+       "p50": 5.9,
+       "p95": 17.6,
+       "p99": 18.3,
+       "n": 30
+      },
+      "mac": {
+       "p50": 6.2,
+       "p95": 14.5,
+       "p99": 20.8,
+       "n": 30
+      },
+      "back": {
+       "p50": 10.7,
+       "p95": 13.5,
+       "p99": 14.8,
+       "n": 30
+      }
+     },
+     "inputs": {
+      "sent": 30,
+      "seen": 30
+     },
+     "timeline": [
+      {
+       "t": 0,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.48,
+       "content_p50": 10.7,
+       "content_p95": 15.1,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 1,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 12.1,
+       "content_p95": 14.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 2,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 11.0,
+       "content_p95": 14.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 3,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 9.9,
+       "content_p95": 12.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 4,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 10.3,
+       "content_p95": 13.7,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 5,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.56,
+       "content_p50": 10.3,
+       "content_p95": 13.4,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 6,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.45,
+       "content_p50": 9.3,
+       "content_p95": 11.8,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 7,
+       "fps": 56,
+       "mbps": 0.44,
+       "content_p50": 8.9,
+       "content_p95": 10.9,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 8,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.47,
+       "content_p50": 9.4,
+       "content_p95": 11.5,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 9,
+       "fps": 60,
+       "mbps": 0.46,
+       "content_p50": 9.6,
+       "content_p95": 11.0,
+       "bitrate": 5529600,
+       "tier": 0,
+       "w": 1280,
+       "net": null
+      },
+      {
+       "t": 10,
+       "fps": 60,
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+   }
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-step3.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-step3.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..332db76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-adapt-step3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3743 @@
+{
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+    "on": [
+     0.47,
+     0.47
+    ]
+   }
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-keepwarm.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-keepwarm.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c9e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-ab-keepwarm.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2172 @@
+{
+ "label": "ab-keepwarm",
+ "date": "2026-09-28T20:28:57",
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+    ]
+   }
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f449e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean.json
@@ -0,0 +1,984 @@
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+   "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001910179",
+   "src": "separate:9510"
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean2.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean2.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79fd46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-adapt-clean2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+{
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+   "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001684656",
+   "src": "separate:9763"
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline-fixed.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline-fixed.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d12e58c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline-fixed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1124 @@
+{
+ "label": "baseline-fixed",
+ "date": "2026-09-28T17:02:53",
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+  "encoder": "",
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+  "browser_flags": []
+ },
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+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
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+     "content_p95": 14.8,
+     "bitrate": 14860800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1920,
+     "net": null
+    }
+   ],
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+   "input_p50": 51.2,
+   "input_p95": 73.2,
+   "grades": {
+    "content_p50": "local",
+    "content_p95": "local",
+    "input_p50": "acceptable",
+    "input_p95": "acceptable"
+   },
+   "cpu": {
+    "mac_agent_pct": 1.1,
+    "frame_viewer_pct": 8.0,
+    "frame_tailscaled_pct": 1.8,
+    "frame_sshd_pct": 0.5,
+    "frame_gamescope_pct": 3.7,
+    "frame_total_pct": 9.1
+   },
+   "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 143 Hz",
+   "show_s": 3.79,
+   "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001132791",
+   "src": "separate:8652"
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline.json b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25b9f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1124 @@
+{
+ "label": "baseline",
+ "date": "2026-09-28T16:53:43",
+ "commit": "a3c6e5c+dirty",
+ "config": {
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+  "mode": "separate",
+  "net": "none",
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+  "buffer_ms": 250,
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+  "ssh_opts": [],
+  "encoder": "",
+  "duration_s": 20.0,
+  "browser_flags": []
+ },
+ "frame_build": "20260925.6191901",
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+    "content_p95": "acceptable",
+    "fps": "bad",
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+    "frame_tailscaled_pct": 4.8,
+    "frame_sshd_pct": 0.6,
+    "frame_gamescope_pct": 4.2,
+    "frame_total_pct": 13.7
+   },
+   "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 139 Hz",
+   "show_s": 1.82,
+   "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001631563",
+   "src": "separate:6889"
+  },
+  {
+   "scenario": "type",
+   "frames_sent": 76,
+   "frames_drawn": 76,
+   "frames_shown": 76,
+   "duration_s": 20.2,
+   "stages_ms": {
+    "capture": {
+     "p50": 0.5,
+     "p95": 7.2,
+     "p99": 10.1,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "queue": {
+     "p50": 0.0,
+     "p95": 0.0,
+     "p99": 0.1,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "encode": {
+     "p50": 4.4,
+     "p95": 9.7,
+     "p99": 16.7,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "socket": {
+     "p50": 0.1,
+     "p95": 0.2,
+     "p99": 0.2,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "network": {
+     "p50": 5.2,
+     "p95": 43.2,
+     "p99": 263.5,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "decode": {
+     "p50": 2.1,
+     "p95": 4.8,
+     "p99": 13.4,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "draw": {
+     "p50": 0.7,
+     "p95": 1.0,
+     "p99": 1.1,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "present": {
+     "p50": 0.9,
+     "p95": 1.5,
+     "p99": 1.8,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "content": {
+     "p50": 12.9,
+     "p95": 54.2,
+     "p99": 264.6,
+     "n": 76
+    },
+    "content_shown": {
+     "p50": 14.1,
+     "p95": 55.3,
+     "p99": 265.9,
+     "n": 76
+    }
+   },
+   "fps": 3.8,
+   "fps_shown": 3.8,
+   "late_pct": 96.0,
+   "stall_max": 1327.9,
+   "stalls_over_100ms": 68,
+   "mbps": 0.02,
+   "keyframes": 2,
+   "size": "1280x860",
+   "captured": 125,
+   "viewer_never_drawn": 0,
+   "input_ms": {
+    "p50": 50.1,
+    "p95": 110.6,
+    "p99": 165.7,
+    "n": 65
+   },
+   "input_shown_ms": {
+    "p50": 50.8,
+    "p95": 111.5,
+    "p99": 166.2,
+    "n": 65
+   },
+   "input_parts_ms": {
+    "uplink": {
+     "p50": 7.6,
+     "p95": 18.3,
+     "p99": 23.2,
+     "n": 65
+    },
+    "mac": {
+     "p50": 30.6,
+     "p95": 72.4,
+     "p99": 119.2,
+     "n": 65
+    },
+    "back": {
+     "p50": 12.3,
+     "p95": 28.1,
+     "p99": 33.9,
+     "n": 65
+    }
+   },
+   "inputs": {
+    "sent": 66,
+    "seen": 65
+   },
+   "timeline": [
+    {
+     "t": 0,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 12.3,
+     "content_p95": 28.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 1,
+     "fps": 4,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 16.8,
+     "content_p95": 33.9,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 2,
+     "fps": 6,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 9.0,
+     "content_p95": 22.2,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 3,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 11.5,
+     "content_p95": 20.6,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 4,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 9.2,
+     "content_p95": 13.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 5,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 3.0,
+     "content_p95": 15.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 6,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.14,
+     "content_p50": 14.0,
+     "content_p95": 21.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 7,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 9.5,
+     "content_p95": 16.2,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 8,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 13.8,
+     "content_p95": 16.2,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 9,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 14.0,
+     "content_p95": 28.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 10,
+     "fps": 5,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 12.8,
+     "content_p95": 31.7,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 11,
+     "fps": 6,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 12.3,
+     "content_p95": 14.4,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 12,
+     "fps": 4,
+     "mbps": 0.01,
+     "content_p50": 15.2,
+     "content_p95": 17.2,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 13,
+     "fps": 1,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 18.9,
+     "content_p95": 18.9,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 14,
+     "fps": 2,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 203.5,
+     "content_p95": 215.0,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 15,
+     "fps": 1,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 16.1,
+     "content_p95": 16.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 16,
+     "fps": 2,
+     "mbps": 0.16,
+     "content_p50": 15.5,
+     "content_p95": 35.1,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 17,
+     "fps": 1,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 264.6,
+     "content_p95": 264.6,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 18,
+     "fps": 1,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 12.9,
+     "content_p95": 12.9,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 19,
+     "fps": 2,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 11.7,
+     "content_p95": 54.2,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    },
+    {
+     "t": 20,
+     "fps": 1,
+     "mbps": 0.0,
+     "content_p50": 339.6,
+     "content_p95": 339.6,
+     "bitrate": 6604800,
+     "tier": 0,
+     "w": 1280,
+     "net": null
+    }
+   ],
+   "adapt": [],
+   "content_p50": 12.9,
+   "content_p95": 54.2,
+   "input_p50": 50.1,
+   "input_p95": 110.6,
+   "grades": {
+    "content_p50": "local",
+    "content_p95": "acceptable",
+    "input_p50": "acceptable",
+    "input_p95": "acceptable"
+   },
+   "cpu": {
+    "mac_agent_pct": 1.2,
+    "frame_viewer_pct": 6.5,
+    "frame_tailscaled_pct": 1.6,
+    "frame_sshd_pct": 0.3,
+    "frame_gamescope_pct": 2.4,
+    "frame_total_pct": 8.0
+   },
+   "viewer": "h264 software; ANGLE (Mesa, zink Vulkan 1.4(Turnip Adreno (TM) 750 (MESA_TURNIP)), OpenGL 4.6); raf 141 Hz",
+   "show_s": 1.43,
+   "panel": "valve.steam.desktopgame.2001427053",
+   "src": "separate:7011"
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/how-the-frame-works.md b/docs/how-the-frame-works.md
index 9681da8..bcac736 100644
--- a/docs/how-the-frame-works.md
+++ b/docs/how-the-frame-works.md
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ Lepton (Android 11, podman container "lepton-dev") ← its own panel, app 305600
 | Power actions need `sudo`, which asks for the Developer Mode password over SSH. | Frame Control's power buttons |
 | **SSH server:** OpenSSH 9.7p1. It offers `publickey,password` (keyboard-interactive is off, PAM on) and also asks `userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys` for keys. OpenSSH ≥ 8.8 rejects SHA-1 `ssh-rsa` signatures by default, so a client whose RSA support is SHA-1 only (the Swift library Citadel, for one) can't log in with the RSA key that devkit pairing installs; use ed25519 (**inferred** from OpenSSH defaults). **Verified 2026-09-27**, BUILD_ID 20260922.6101926. | [iphone.md](iphone.md), `ui/frame_connect.py` |
 | **A Chromium app window on gamescope's `:0` with its own `STEAM_GAME` becomes a panel, even when started over SSH.** `chromium-xr/chrome --ozone-platform=x11 --app=URL --window-size=1280,720` got a 1920×1080 window, and tagging it produced `[Overlays] Created: valve.steam.desktopgame.<id>` in `~/.local/share/Steam/logs/vrwebhelper_systemui.txt`. Chromium XR decoded a 1080p H.264 WebCodecs stream from the Mac at about 60 fps. XTest events sent to `:0` (libXtst through Python ctypes) did not reach the page. The Frame has `libXtst`, `xprop`, `xwininfo`, `curl` and the `C.utf8` locale. **Verified 2026-09-28**, BUILD_ID 20260925.6191901. | [mac-in-headset.md](mac-in-headset.md) |
+| **Streaming video into a panel: what the Frame adds.** Chromium XR decodes H.264 in **software** (1920×1290 at about 9 Mbit/s took 4–6 ms per frame); its GL is ANGLE → zink → Turnip on the Adreno 750, and it logs `GetVSyncParametersIfAvailable() failed`. An idle page's `requestAnimationFrame` runs at about 140 Hz; when the headset is worn or woken, SteamVR picks the 4320×2160 @ 144 Hz mode. **An unworn headset throttles panel apps** whatever they draw: a local canvas page ran at 58 fps for about 6 s, then 28, then about 15 once in standby (vrserver logs `entering standby`, with `power.pauseCompositorOnStandby 1`). `vrcmd --handlewakeup` gave 137–144 fps for about 2 s, then 36. So a panel's frame rate and compositor delay can only be measured while it's worn. `tailscaled` runs with `--tun=userspace-networking` and cost about 8% of a core at 9 Mbit/s (0.5% over the LAN address). Wi-Fi power saving is on (`iw … get power_save`). **Verified 2026-09-28**, BUILD_ID 20260925.6191901. | [mac-in-headset.md](mac-in-headset.md#measuring) |
 | **Tools on the image:** Python 3.12.3, `ffmpeg`, `openssl`, `curl`, `rsync`, `zip`/`unzip`, `flatpak`, `wpctl`, `podman`. **No `adb`.** `steamos` is uid 1000, in `wheel`, and sudoers has `%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL`, so `sudo -S` takes the Developer Mode password on stdin. **Verified 2026-09-27.** | Running Frame Control's server on the Frame (`FRAME_LOCAL=1`, [iphone.md](iphone.md)) |
 | **Each Lepton instance is a podman container** named `lepton-steamlaunch-<instance id>`, labelled with its ADB port (`podman ps --format '{{.Names}} {{.Labels.adb_port}}'`). `podman exec <container> /system/bin/sh -c '…'` runs Android's shell inside it with no adb at all (used for `pidof` and `logcat` by the app tester). Running `wm size`/`wm density` that way is untested. **Verified 2026-09-27.** | `ui/frame_android.py`, the iPhone app's display settings |
 | **Asleep means off the network.** In standby the Frame stops answering on its LAN address, `frame.local` and Tailscale alike (`Host is down`, `No route to host`, timeouts), and ping fails. It was unreachable for about 2.5 hours until woken. Nothing over SSH can wake it. **Verified 2026-09-27.** | Frame Control's offline banner and retries |
diff --git a/docs/mac-in-headset.md b/docs/mac-in-headset.md
index 55728bc..142c9e3 100644
--- a/docs/mac-in-headset.md
+++ b/docs/mac-in-headset.md
@@ -99,9 +99,10 @@ ScreenCaptureKit (one window or display)
     keyframe instead of showing old frames late.
   - It falls back to JPEG stills (**Compatible** quality) where H.264 isn't
     available.
-- **Flow control.** When the link backs up, the agent skips capture frames
-  *before* encoding, so no reference frame goes missing. Once the link drains,
-  it sends the newest picture.
+- **Flow control.** The agent never lets frames queue up anywhere on the
+  way. It skips capture frames *before* encoding, so no reference frame goes
+  missing, and it lowers the bitrate, then the frame rate, then the size, to
+  fit the link (see [Adapting to the network](#adapting-to-the-network)).
 - **Input.**
   - A click on a window's panel brings that Mac window to the front
     (Accessibility API), then clicks at the same point. Double clicks, right
@@ -133,6 +134,157 @@ may ask again after an update.
 | Light | 1280 | 30 | H.264 | Weak Wi-Fi or Tailscale off the LAN |
 | Compatible | 1280 | 20 | JPEG | A Frame browser without H.264 |
 
+## Measuring
+
+Every frame carries a sequence number, and the agent records its journey on
+the Mac's clock (`Sources/Stats.swift`):
+
+| Stage | From → to |
+|---|---|
+| capture | the Mac composited it (ScreenCaptureKit's display time) → the agent got it |
+| queue, encode | → encoding started → the encoder finished |
+| network | → the viewer received it |
+| decode, draw | → WebCodecs decoded it → it was drawn on the page's canvas |
+| present | → the page's next animation frame |
+
+- **Clock sync.** The viewer syncs its clock to the Mac's the way NTP does:
+  it pings over the stream's own WebSocket and keeps the sample with the
+  shortest round trip. It then reports, in Mac time, when each frame arrived
+  (right away, so the agent can pace itself) and when it was decoded and
+  drawn (in batches every 250 ms).
+- **Input.** The first frame captured after a click or key carries that
+  event's id. So input latency is the viewer's event → injected on the Mac →
+  the first frame after it → drawn in the headset.
+- **Where to see it.**
+  - `GET /stats` (key required) returns every frame and input record.
+  - `/status` includes a two-second summary, which Frame Control's card
+    shows next to each live stream.
+  - In the headset, add `?stats=1` to the viewer or press
+    Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S for an overlay.
+- **The benchmark.** `scripts/macview-bench.py` runs fixed scenarios on the
+  real Frame, from the Mac, with nobody wearing the headset:
+  - **test** is the moving test pattern.
+  - **scroll** is a Chrome page on its own display scrolling at 240 pt/s,
+    which gives about 9 Mbit/s of real 1920×1290 video.
+  - **type** types into a Chrome text box, first fast and then with pauses.
+
+  It writes `bench/results/<date>-<commit>-<label>.json`, compares two
+  results, and runs interleaved A/B tests between agent settings (`ab`).
+  Wi-Fi changes from minute to minute, so single runs at different times
+  aren't comparable. Throttled links come from a shaping relay on the Mac,
+  which needs no sudo (`--net 50@0,3@8,50@16` means 50 Mbit/s, then 3 from
+  8 s, then 50 from 16 s).
+- **What's graded.** "Content" runs from when the Mac composited a frame
+  (or when ScreenCaptureKit delivered it, if that was earlier) to when it was
+  drawn in the viewer. The Frame's compositor adds its own delay after that.
+  That part is reported, but not graded: an unworn Frame throttles panels to
+  about 36 fps after a few seconds, and to 15 fps in standby, whatever they
+  draw. This was **verified** with a local canvas page that ran on the Frame
+  with no network involved (`bench/pages/present.html`). The compositor's
+  share needs a run with the headset worn.
+
+Targets: content p50 ≤ 25 ms (p95 ≤ 40), click to photon p50 ≤ 50 ms
+(p95 ≤ 70), 60 fps with ≤ 1% late frames, no stall over 100 ms, and adapting
+to a new link rate within 1 s.
+
+Baseline on 2026-09-28 (**verified**, home Wi-Fi, Tailscale, Balanced,
+`bench/results/2026-09-28-a3c6e5c-dirty-baseline-fixed.json`; ms p50/p95):
+
+| Scenario | Content | Input to drawn | fps drawn | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| test (1280×720) | 9.9 | 28.8 / 39.0 | 59 | encode 4.0, network 4.0, decode 1.3 |
+| scroll (1920×1290) | 14.7 | – | 50.4 | encode 6.7, decode 6.4 (software), 9.4 Mbit/s, 16% late |
+| type (1920×1290) | 16.7 | 51.2 / 73.2 | – | most of the input time is the Mac app reacting |
+
+What was learned (all **verified**, unless marked):
+
+- The biggest costs are encoding (4–7 ms), network (4–6 ms), and decoding
+  on the Frame. Chromium XR on the Frame decodes H.264 in **software**.
+- Wi-Fi alone stalls for 240–580 ms now and then, over Tailscale and over
+  the LAN alike. Over the LAN (`--host 192.168.1.237`) latency was no
+  better, but the Frame used about 8% less CPU, because tailscaled runs in
+  userspace there.
+- With no controller, a link that slows down queues without limit. In one
+  run, frames arrived 1.9 s late, and at worst 9.4 s late.
+- Tried, and no help, so not kept: VideoToolbox options (require hardware,
+  no frame delay, prioritise speed, a hard data-rate cap), Chromium flags
+  (`--disable-gpu-vsync`, `--disable-frame-rate-limit`,
+  `--use-angle=vulkan`), and a 120 Hz virtual display.
+- Inconclusive, so off by default: keeping the Frame's Wi-Fi awake during
+  typing (`FRAME_MAC_VIEW_WARM=40`, a tiny message every 40 ms for 5 s
+  after input). Over three interleaved runs each, input p50 went 44 → 47 ms
+  and p95 92 → 71 ms, and the ranges overlapped widely
+  (`…-ab-keepwarm.json`). In that run, and in the baseline's typing, the
+  harness typed spaces as "+" (a URL-encoding bug, since fixed), so they
+  went through the text path rather than as space keys.
+- Pointer moves now go out on an 8 ms timer, not on the page's next
+  animation frame, which an unworn Frame slows to 15–36 Hz. This is
+  **inferred** to help dragging; the benchmark has no drag scenario yet.
+- Kept: the encoder's timestamps never jump more than two frame intervals.
+  Before this, the first frame after a pause got a quarter of a second's
+  bit budget, and one P-frame reached 204 KB.
+
+## Adapting to the network
+
+`Sources/Controller.swift`, per stream, latency first:
+
+- **The gate.** The viewer acknowledges every frame as it arrives. A new
+  frame is sent only while the oldest unacknowledged one is younger than
+  the path's usual round trip, plus one frame interval, plus room for this
+  link's normal jitter (1.5 times its recent spread, 25–80 ms). So frames
+  never queue in SSH, TCP or the Wi-Fi driver. While the link is stuck, the
+  newest picture waits and goes out as soon as it moves.
+- **The bitrate.** The link counts as congested when, for two checks in a
+  row (100 ms apart), round trips grow by more than 40 ms while the stream
+  uses much of its budget, or the gate holds frames back, or a frame is
+  stuck for 100 ms. Then the bitrate drops to a bit under what actually got
+  through: at least a fifth off, and at most half. Once the link has been
+  clear for a second, it rises by 10% steps, never above the quality
+  setting's bitrate.
+- **The tier.** When the bitrate stays low, and the stream is really
+  limited by the link rather than having little to send, it steps down:
+  60 → 45 → 30 fps, then 75%, then 50% of the pixels. It goes straight to
+  the tier the bitrate supports after half a second, and steps back up one
+  tier at a time after two seconds with room to spare.
+- `FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT=0` turns it off, for comparison.
+
+Measured on the real Frame, 2026-09-28 (**verified**; interleaved A/B, off
+versus on, medians of the runs, ms):
+
+| Link | Scenario | Content p95, off → on | fps drawn, off → on | Result file |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Clean Wi-Fi (3 runs each) | scroll | 32.3 → 33.6 | 57 → 56.2 | `…-ab-adapt-clean2.json` |
+| Clean Wi-Fi | test | 15 → 14.2 | 60 → 59.7 | same |
+| 50 → 3 → 50 Mbit/s at 8 s and 16 s (2 runs each) | scroll | **4670 → 72** | 45 → 42 | `…-ab-adapt-step3.json` |
+| 50 → 3 → 50 Mbit/s | test | 66 → 16 | 60 → 60 | same |
+
+- **Clean link.** On a clean link it costs nothing measurable. An earlier
+  version with a fixed gate slack lost 9 fps to Wi-Fi jitter while
+  scrolling (47 → 38 fps), and that's why the slack now follows the link's
+  jitter.
+- **Throttled link.** Without the controller, frames queued for up to 5.6 s
+  and never caught up while the link was slow (p95 1.8–5.6 s, second by
+  second). With it, in the two runs:
+
+  | | Run 1 | Run 2 |
+  |---|---|---|
+  | Worst second's p95 just after the drop | 219 ms | 428 ms |
+  | p95 back under 100 ms for 3 s in a row | after 1 s | after 4 s |
+  | Stepped down to 1440 px at 30 fps | 1.8 s after the drop | 3.5 s after |
+  | p95 per second after that, on the 3 Mbit/s link | 55–94 ms | 60–148 ms |
+
+  Sending one frame takes about 27 ms on that link by itself. After the
+  link recovered, the stream was back at full size and 60 fps in about
+  7.5 s. It steps up one tier every two seconds, on purpose, so it doesn't
+  bounce. The 1 s adaptation target was met in one run of two.
+- **A hiccup on a small stream.** In one clean run, a Wi-Fi hiccup made an
+  earlier version halve the test pattern's bitrate five times and drop it
+  to half size. That cut couldn't help: the stream only sends
+  0.47 Mbit/s. Now the controller estimates what a stream wants (captures
+  per second × average frame size). While a stream wants about half its
+  budget or less, no cut takes it below twice what it wants, so it doesn't change
+  tier.
+
 ## Checked so far (2026-09-28)
 
 - **Mac (checked by hand, macOS 26.5.2).**
@@ -191,6 +343,9 @@ may ask again after an update.
   - Whether Flathub Chromium has H.264. Chromium XR is used when it's
     installed, as it is on this Frame.
   - Latency with real, busy windows at Sharp.
+  - A benchmark run while wearing the headset. Only then does the Frame show
+    panels at full rate, so only then can the compositor's share of the
+    latency, and the frame rate you actually see, be measured.
 
 ## Limits
 
diff --git a/docs/mac-window-separation.md b/docs/mac-window-separation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c0d169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/mac-window-separation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# Real separation of Mac windows in the headset
+
+Research and experiments on 2026-09-28 (macOS 26.5.2, Apple M5 Pro), for
+making each streamed Mac window truly independent. Builds on
+[mac-in-headset.md](mac-in-headset.md). Labels: **verified** (tried here),
+**documented**, **source** (read in someone's code) or **reported**.
+
+## What "separate" lacks today
+
+Today each window is captured on its own
+(`SCContentFilter(desktopIndependentWindow:)`), but it still lives on the
+Mac's one desktop:
+
+- **Clicks.** A click has to raise the window first, so it reorders the
+  Mac's windows, steals focus and moves the real cursor.
+- **Child windows.** A window's menus, popovers, sheets and tooltips are
+  separate windows, so they aren't in its panel. Apple documents that the
+  single-window filter leaves them out.
+- **Size.** A panel's size is tied to the window's size on the Mac screen.
+- **Hidden windows.** Minimised windows, and windows on other Spaces, can't
+  be shown live.
+
+## How the Mac draws, and where pixels can be read
+
+Apps draw with Core Animation into IOSurfaces. WindowServer's compositor
+stacks every window onto each display, including virtual ones, and sends
+the result to the screen. Pixels can be read at three points:
+
+| Where | How | Gets | Doesn't get |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| One window's content | ScreenCaptureKit `desktopIndependentWindow` (public, what we use) | Live, zero-copy, even when covered by other windows (**documented**) | Menus, popovers, sheets. It pauses while the window is minimised (**reported**) |
+| One window plus its children | `SCStreamConfiguration.includeChildWindows` (macOS 14.2+, **reported**) | Menus, popovers and sheets attached to the window | Anything the app puts outside the window's bounds |
+| A whole display | ScreenCaptureKit display filter, with apps or windows included or excluded | Everything on that display, cursor included | Only what's on that display |
+| A snapshot of any window | Private `CGSHWCaptureWindowList`, which AltTab uses for minimised windows and other Spaces (**source**: `alt-tab-macos` `PrivateApis.swift`) | Minimised windows and other Spaces | It's one still image, not a live stream |
+| Another app's layer tree | Private `CALayerHost` with a context id | A live, zero-copy picture | It only works when the other app cooperates, so it's no good for arbitrary windows (**reported**) |
+
+`CGWindowListCreateImage` and `CGDisplayStream` are obsolete in the macOS 15
+SDK (**reported** by MacPorts and JUCE). Nothing reads another app's pixels
+without the Screen Recording permission.
+
+## The idea: each window gets its own virtual display
+
+A virtual display (the private `CGVirtualDisplay`, as used by BetterDisplay,
+DeskPad and quest-display) is a compositor target with no physical screen.
+Put one streamed window alone on its own virtual display, sized to its
+panel, and capture the whole display:
+
+- **Nothing can overlap it.** A plain click at that point always lands on
+  that window, so input doesn't need raising or background-event tricks.
+- **Menus, sheets, popovers, tooltips and context menus appear on the same
+  display, so they're in the panel.** With "Displays have separate Spaces"
+  on (it is on this Mac), each display also has its own menu bar, so the
+  app's menu bar can be part of the panel.
+- **The panel's size is the display's size,** in HiDPI. Resizing the panel
+  means changing the display mode and resizing the window to fill it
+  (Accessibility API).
+- **Minimised windows and other Spaces stop being a problem,** because
+  streamed windows live on their own displays.
+- **The cursor goes where the laser points.** That display's panel is the
+  one being used, much as Vision Pro's Mac Virtual Display works. Keys from
+  the Mac's keyboard go to the window last clicked.
+
+### Verified here (no permission needed)
+
+- **Creating one.** It needs no permission or entitlement. 1920×1080 HiDPI
+  gives a 3840×2160-pixel, 60 Hz display, placed next to the built-in
+  screen, and `NSScreen.screensHaveSeparateSpaces` was true.
+- **Many at once.** 16 were created at once with no error.
+- **Placement.** `CGConfigureDisplayOrigin` far away failed with error
+  1014: macOS keeps displays edge to edge. Disabling one with the private
+  `CGSConfigureDisplayEnabled` from a command-line tool also failed with 1014.
+- **Removal is deferred while the physical screen sleeps.** With the
+  built-in display asleep, virtual displays were not removed when released,
+  or when their process exited, even from their own `.app`. A second display
+  with the same vendor, product and serial couldn't be created. All of them
+  disappeared as soon as the screen woke (`caffeinate -u`). The helper must
+  therefore:
+  - keep a fixed pool of displays and reuse them rather than create new ones;
+  - keep the screen awake while they exist, which it already does while
+    streaming.
+
+### Built: "Give each window its own display"
+
+Frame Control's helper now does this (`mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Separate.swift`),
+and it's the default in the Tools card. Streams of this kind are named
+`separate:<window id>`.
+
+- For each window shown, it creates a HiDPI virtual display. The display is
+  sized to the window plus a menu bar, with a fresh serial each time, so a
+  display left over while the screen slept can't block a new one.
+- The window is moved onto the display and resized to fill it (Accessibility
+  API), and the whole display is captured.
+- On **Stop** the window goes back where it was, and the display is released.
+- Plain per-window capture is still there: untick "Give each window its own
+  display". Separate mode needs Accessibility (to move the window), and
+  without it, Show says so rather than quietly falling back.
+
+Verified 2026-09-28 (macOS 26.5.2, M5 Pro), using a TextEdit test document
+and the benchmark's Chrome windows:
+
+- **Separation works.** The window moved onto its own display and streamed,
+  with its first frames in 3.8 s. The display showed TextEdit's own menu bar.
+- **Child windows come along.** A context menu and the Page Setup sheet
+  opened on the same display and were in the capture.
+- **Input.** Typing through the stream reached the window. The benchmark's
+  typing scenario does this on every run.
+- **Stop.** Stop put the window back at exactly its old size (656×422), and
+  the display was removed.
+- **The helper must run a real Cocoa event loop.** Earlier, it ran only a
+  `RunLoop`. With that, AppKit never learned about new displays:
+  - `NSScreen.screens` never listed them, so placing the window always waited
+    3 s and then gave up;
+  - the display's HiDPI mode never applied, so windows were captured at 1×
+    (1280×860 instead of 1920×1290 pixels) and text was soft.
+
+  Running `NSApplication` (with no Dock icon) fixed both. The screen now
+  appears within 100 ms, and captures are at 2× (**verified** in
+  `bench/results/*-baseline.json` against `*-baseline-fixed.json`).
+- **Frame rate.** Chrome drew at 60–61 fps on the virtual display, but
+  ScreenCaptureKit delivered only about 46–53 fps from it, whereas the
+  built-in ProMotion screen gave 121 fps (**verified**). Neither a 120 Hz
+  virtual display (`FRAME_MAC_VIEW_VD_HZ=120`) nor a looser
+  `minimumFrameInterval` changed that. Cause unknown.
+- **Windows that keep their own size** (Calculator, 230×408). The window
+  moved and streamed, but stayed small in the display's corner, so the panel
+  was mostly wallpaper. Now only that corner is captured
+  (`SCStreamConfiguration.sourceRect`): the menu bar and the window, at least
+  480×360 points so menus fit. Clicks map to the cropped area. The first
+  frame arrived in 0.6–1.1 s, and on Stop the window went back and the
+  display was removed. A display's menu bar names the active app, so it
+  shows the window's own menus only once the panel has been clicked.
+- **Several windows at once** (on the Mac, with a local stand-in viewer that
+  acknowledges frames). Three and four Chrome windows, each scrolling on its
+  own display at 1920×1290 pixels, streamed at 53–56 fps and about
+  9 Mbit/s each. The helper used 20% (three) or 24% (four) of one CPU core.
+  The hardware encoder is shared: its time per frame went from 6.7 ms for
+  one stream to 7–15 ms for three and 11–25 ms for four, so each extra
+  moving window adds latency to the others. Once in four runs, before a fix,
+  one window left its display when several displays appeared at the same
+  moment, and its stream stopped: nothing on that display was changing any
+  more. The helper now checks every second and puts the window back. Three
+  further runs with four windows were clean, and every display was gone
+  afterwards (checked with `CGGetOnlineDisplayList`).
+- **Quitting.** On SIGTERM, or when Frame Control goes away, the helper ends
+  every stream first, so windows go back before their displays disappear.
+  Verified: a 900×600 window was back at 900×600 after SIGTERM. Closing a
+  viewer 0.05–1.5 s into startup left the window at its old size and no
+  extra display.
+- **A consent prompt.** macOS 26 asks whether to let ScreenCaptureKit apps
+  "bypass the system private window picker". The prompt appeared *on the
+  virtual display*, so it would show up inside the headset panel. Allow it
+  once on the Mac.
+
+### Still to check
+
+1. That a context menu opens over the text being clicked, not just somewhere
+   on the display. This needs a retest after the consent prompt above is
+   allowed.
+2. Stage Manager, which is reported to undo Accessibility resizes.
+3. Where the Dock and the cursor go on a virtual display.
+4. Closing the lid with virtual displays attached (clamshell).
+5. Many moving windows at once in the headset: whether to lower the bitrate
+   or frame rate of panels you aren't using, so the one you are using keeps
+   the encoder to itself.
+6. All of it in the headset, with the laser.
+
+## Input without disturbing the Mac (a finer option)
+
+For windows that stay on the Mac's own screen, input can go to a window
+behind others without raising it:
+
+- **Background click.** `CGEventPostToPid` with the CGEvent fields 91 and
+  92, which say which window a click is for (`kCGMouseEventWindowUnderMousePointer`
+  and `...ThatCanHandleThisEvent`), plus a window-relative location
+  (**reported**, reverse-engineered, needs testing).
+- **Focus without raise.** yabai makes a window key without raising it by
+  posting event records with the private `SLPSPostEventRecordTo` (**source**:
+  `yabai/src/window_manager.c`).
+- **Known failures.**
+  - Chromium and Electron ignore background clicks unless they're built
+    with the 2026 `acceptsFirstMouse` fix (electron/electron#54493).
+  - Games and canvas apps often need real activation.
+  - Password fields (Secure Event Input) drop synthetic keys.
+  - IME composition, as for Chinese or Japanese input, isn't reliable.
+
+With a virtual display per window, most of this isn't needed. It's worth
+having for hovering over one panel while typing in another.
+
+## Encoding and transport
+
+- **Codec.** Keep H.264 4:2:0. Apple's High Performance Screen Sharing uses
+  4:4:4 over two virtual displays (**documented**), but the Frame's Chromium
+  decodes H.264 in software, and no 4:4:4 decode path is confirmed there.
+- **Sharper static text.** When a panel has been still for a moment, send a
+  high-quality refresh, either a keyframe at low quantisation or a lossless
+  WebP overlay, so static text is sharp. Moving content stays as video.
+- **Transport.** Keep WebSocket over SSH for now, as it works everywhere.
+  WebRTC (UDP, congestion control) is the proven step up for Wi-Fi.
+  WebTransport over QUIC is promising, but its server side on macOS is
+  unverified.
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/CGVirtualDisplay.h b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/CGVirtualDisplay.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f67f628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/CGVirtualDisplay.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Private CoreGraphics classes for virtual displays (as used by DeskPad,
+// BetterDisplay and quest-display). Not in any SDK; see
+// docs/mac-window-separation.md.
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+#import <CoreGraphics/CoreGraphics.h>
+@interface CGVirtualDisplayDescriptor : NSObject
+@property (retain, nonatomic) dispatch_queue_t queue;
+@property (retain, nonatomic) NSString *name;
+@property (nonatomic) unsigned int maxPixelsHigh;
+@property (nonatomic) unsigned int maxPixelsWide;
+@property (nonatomic) CGSize sizeInMillimeters;
+@property (nonatomic) unsigned int serialNum;
+@property (nonatomic) unsigned int productID;
+@property (nonatomic) unsigned int vendorID;
+@property (copy, nonatomic) void (^terminationHandler)(id, id);
+@end
+@interface CGVirtualDisplayMode : NSObject
+- (instancetype)initWithWidth:(unsigned int)width height:(unsigned int)height refreshRate:(double)refreshRate;
+@end
+@interface CGVirtualDisplaySettings : NSObject
+@property (retain, nonatomic) NSArray *modes;
+@property (nonatomic) unsigned int hiDPI;
+@end
+@interface CGVirtualDisplay : NSObject
+@property (readonly, nonatomic) unsigned int displayID;
+- (instancetype)initWithDescriptor:(CGVirtualDisplayDescriptor *)descriptor;
+- (BOOL)applySettings:(CGVirtualDisplaySettings *)settings;
+@end
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Capture.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Capture.swift
index 4967045..dcf3b3b 100644
--- a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Capture.swift
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Capture.swift
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import ScreenCaptureKit
 enum Source: Equatable {
     case window(CGWindowID)
     case display(CGDirectDisplayID)
+    case separate(CGWindowID)  // the window on a display of its own
     case test
 
     init?(_ s: String) {
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ enum Source: Equatable {
         switch (parts.first, parts.count > 1 ? UInt32(parts[1]) : nil) {
         case ("window", let id?): self = .window(id)
         case ("display", let id?): self = .display(id)
+        case ("separate", let id?): self = .separate(id)
         case ("test", _): self = .test
         default: return nil
         }
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ enum Source: Equatable {
         switch self {
         case .window(let id): return "window:\(id)"
         case .display(let id): return "display:\(id)"
+        case .separate(let id): return "separate:\(id)"
         case .test: return "test"
         }
     }
@@ -76,14 +79,20 @@ struct WindowInfo {
 }
 
 protocol CaptureSource: AnyObject {
-    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime) -> Void)? { get set }
+    /// The picture, its presentation time, and when the Mac composited it (µs, host clock).
+    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime, Int64) -> Void)? { get set }
     var onEnded: ((String) -> Void)? { get set }
+    var onChange: (() -> Void)? { get set }  // title or size changed
+    /// True once the window or display is gone for good.
+    var gone: Bool { get }
     /// Points on the Mac's global display space that the picture covers.
     var frameRect: CGRect { get }
     var title: String { get }
     var app: String { get }
     var pid: pid_t? { get }
     func start(maxLong: Int, fps: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void)
+    /// A smaller or larger picture from now on (the long side, in pixels).
+    func setMaxLong(_ maxLong: Int)
     func stop()
     func pointer(x: Double, y: Double, text: String?)  // for the test pattern
 }
@@ -95,7 +104,7 @@ extension CaptureSource {
 /// ScreenCaptureKit, for a window or a display.
 final class SCKSource: NSObject, CaptureSource, SCStreamOutput, SCStreamDelegate {
     let source: Source
-    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime) -> Void)?
+    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime, Int64) -> Void)?
     var onEnded: ((String) -> Void)?
     private(set) var frameRect = CGRect.zero
     private(set) var title = ""
@@ -113,9 +122,19 @@ final class SCKSource: NSObject, CaptureSource, SCStreamOutput, SCStreamDelegate
     /// The window or display no longer exists, so retrying can't help.
     private(set) var gone = false
     var onChange: (() -> Void)?  // title or size changed
+    /// For a display: capture only this part of it (display points, top-left
+    /// origin). Set before start().
+    var crop: CGRect?
 
     init(_ source: Source) { self.source = source }
 
+    /// What's captured, in global points: the display, or the cropped part of it.
+    private func displayRect(_ id: CGDirectDisplayID) -> CGRect {
+        let b = CGDisplayBounds(id)
+        guard let c = crop else { return b }
+        return c.offsetBy(dx: b.minX, dy: b.minY).intersection(b)
+    }
+
     func start(maxLong: Int, fps: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {
         self.maxLong = maxLong
         SCShareableContent.getExcludingDesktopWindows(true, onScreenWindowsOnly: false) { [self] content, error in
@@ -148,11 +167,17 @@ final class SCKSource: NSObject, CaptureSource, SCStreamOutput, SCStreamDelegate
             filter = SCContentFilter(display: d, excludingWindows: [])
             title = displayName(id)
             app = "Mac"
-            frameRect = CGDisplayBounds(id)
-        case .test:
+            frameRect = displayRect(id)
+            if crop != nil { config.sourceRect = frameRect.offsetBy(dx: -CGDisplayBounds(id).minX, dy: -CGDisplayBounds(id).minY) }
+        case .test, .separate:
             return completion("not a ScreenCaptureKit source")
         }
         scale = Double(filter.pointPixelScale)
+        // A display's own mode knows best: ScreenCaptureKit can still say 1
+        // for a virtual display that has only just switched to HiDPI.
+        if case .display(let id) = source, let mode = CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(id), mode.width > 0 {
+            scale = max(scale, Double(mode.pixelWidth) / Double(mode.width))
+        }
         let (w, h) = fitSize(width: frameRect.width * scale, height: frameRect.height * scale, maxLong: maxLong)
         config.width = w
         config.height = h
@@ -195,8 +220,10 @@ final class SCKSource: NSObject, CaptureSource, SCStreamOutput, SCStreamDelegate
         }
     }
 
-    /// Windows move, resize, retitle and close; ScreenCaptureKit doesn't say.
+    /// Windows move, resize, retitle and close, and displays change mode;
+    /// ScreenCaptureKit doesn't say.
     private func startPolling() {
+        if case .display(let id) = source { return pollDisplay(id) }
         guard case .window(let id) = source else { return }
         let t = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: queue)
         t.schedule(deadline: .now() + 1, repeating: 1)
@@ -224,14 +251,48 @@ final class SCKSource: NSObject, CaptureSource, SCStreamOutput, SCStreamDelegate
         poll = t
     }
 
+    func setMaxLong(_ n: Int) {
+        queue.async {
+            self.maxLong = n
+            guard self.stream != nil else { return }
+            let (w, h) = fitSize(width: self.frameRect.width * self.scale, height: self.frameRect.height * self.scale, maxLong: n)
+            guard w != self.config.width || h != self.config.height else { return }
+            self.config.width = w
+            self.config.height = h
+            self.stream?.updateConfiguration(self.config) { _ in }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func pollDisplay(_ id: CGDirectDisplayID) {
+        let t = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: queue)
+        t.schedule(deadline: .now() + 0.5, repeating: 1)
+        t.setEventHandler { [weak self] in
+            guard let self, let mode = CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(id), mode.width > 0 else { return }
+            let bounds = self.displayRect(id), scale = Double(mode.pixelWidth) / Double(mode.width)
+            let (w, h) = fitSize(width: bounds.width * scale, height: bounds.height * scale, maxLong: self.maxLong)
+            self.frameRect = bounds
+            guard w != self.config.width || h != self.config.height else { return }
+            self.scale = scale
+            self.config.width = w
+            self.config.height = h
+            self.stream?.updateConfiguration(self.config) { _ in }
+            self.onChange?()
+        }
+        t.resume()
+        poll = t
+    }
+
     func stream(_ stream: SCStream, didOutputSampleBuffer sample: CMSampleBuffer, of type: SCStreamOutputType) {
         guard type == .screen, sample.isValid, let pb = CMSampleBufferGetImageBuffer(sample) else { return }
         // Only complete frames carry new pixels; idle and blank ones don't.
-        if let atts = CMSampleBufferGetSampleAttachmentsArray(sample, createIfNecessary: false) as? [[SCStreamFrameInfo: Any]],
-           let raw = atts.first?[.status] as? Int, let status = SCFrameStatus(rawValue: raw), status != .complete {
+        let info = (CMSampleBufferGetSampleAttachmentsArray(sample, createIfNecessary: false) as? [[SCStreamFrameInfo: Any]])?.first
+        if let raw = info?[.status] as? Int, let status = SCFrameStatus(rawValue: raw), status != .complete {
             return
         }
-        onFrame?(pb, CMSampleBufferGetPresentationTimeStamp(sample))
+        let pts = CMSampleBufferGetPresentationTimeStamp(sample)
+        // When WindowServer composited it: the moment it showed on the Mac.
+        let shown = (info?[.displayTime] as? UInt64).map(hostUs) ?? hostUs(pts)
+        onFrame?(pb, pts, shown)
     }
 
     func stream(_ stream: SCStream, didStopWithError error: Error) {
@@ -251,8 +312,10 @@ func displayName(_ id: CGDirectDisplayID) -> String {
 /// A moving test card: bars, a clock and a frame counter, plus a dot where the
 /// viewer's pointer is and the last key it sent, so input can be checked too.
 final class TestSource: CaptureSource {
-    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime) -> Void)?
+    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime, Int64) -> Void)?
     var onEnded: ((String) -> Void)?
+    var onChange: (() -> Void)?
+    let gone = false
     let frameRect = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 1280, height: 720)
     let title = "Test pattern"
     let app = "Frame Control"
@@ -267,10 +330,7 @@ final class TestSource: CaptureSource {
 
     func start(maxLong: Int, fps: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {
         size = fitSize(width: 1280, height: 720, maxLong: maxLong)
-        let attrs: [CFString: Any] = [kCVPixelBufferPixelFormatTypeKey: kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA,
-                                      kCVPixelBufferWidthKey: size.0, kCVPixelBufferHeightKey: size.1,
-                                      kCVPixelBufferIOSurfacePropertiesKey: [:] as CFDictionary]
-        CVPixelBufferPoolCreate(nil, nil, attrs as CFDictionary, &pool)
+        makePool()
         let t = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: queue)
         t.schedule(deadline: .now(), repeating: 1.0 / Double(fps))
         t.setEventHandler { [weak self] in self?.draw() }
@@ -284,6 +344,21 @@ final class TestSource: CaptureSource {
         timer = nil
     }
 
+    func setMaxLong(_ n: Int) {
+        queue.async {
+            self.size = fitSize(width: 1280, height: 720, maxLong: n)
+            self.makePool()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func makePool() {
+        let attrs: [CFString: Any] = [kCVPixelBufferPixelFormatTypeKey: kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA,
+                                      kCVPixelBufferWidthKey: size.0, kCVPixelBufferHeightKey: size.1,
+                                      kCVPixelBufferIOSurfacePropertiesKey: [:] as CFDictionary]
+        pool = nil
+        CVPixelBufferPoolCreate(nil, nil, attrs as CFDictionary, &pool)
+    }
+
     func pointer(x: Double, y: Double, text: String?) {
         queue.async {
             if x >= 0 { self.dot = (x, y) }
@@ -334,6 +409,6 @@ final class TestSource: CaptureSource {
             ctx.fillEllipse(in: CGRect(x: CGFloat(px) * CGFloat(w) - r, y: (1 - CGFloat(py)) * CGFloat(h) - r, width: 2 * r, height: 2 * r))
         }
         n += 1
-        onFrame?(pb, CMClockGetTime(CMClockGetHostTimeClock()))
+        onFrame?(pb, CMClockGetTime(CMClockGetHostTimeClock()), nowUs())
     }
 }
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Controller.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Controller.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cb4b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Controller.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Adapts each stream to its network, latency first. The viewer acknowledges
+// every frame as it arrives ("rx"); from those acks the controller knows how
+// long frames take to get through and how fast the link delivers them.
+//
+// - The gate: a new frame is sent only while the oldest unacknowledged one is
+//   younger than the path's usual round trip plus a little slack. So frames
+//   never queue up in SSH, TCP or the Wi-Fi driver; while the link is stuck
+//   the newest picture waits and goes out as soon as it moves again.
+// - The bitrate: when frames start queueing (the round trip grows) or the
+//   gate has to hold frames back, it drops to a bit under what the link
+//   actually delivered; once things are clear it probes up again slowly, never
+//   above the quality setting's bitrate (the ceiling).
+// - The tier: as the bitrate falls, fewer frames per second (60, 45, 30), then
+//   a smaller picture (75%, then 50% of the panel's pixels).
+// See docs/mac-in-headset.md ("Adapting to the network"). Thread-safe.
+import Foundation
+
+final class RateController {
+    struct Tier: Equatable {
+        let fps: Int
+        let scale: Double  // of the picture's long side
+    }
+
+    static let tiers = [Tier(fps: 60, scale: 1), Tier(fps: 45, scale: 1), Tier(fps: 30, scale: 1),
+                        Tier(fps: 30, scale: 0.75), Tier(fps: 30, scale: 0.5)]
+    /// A tier is used while the target bitrate is at least this share of the ceiling.
+    static let floors = [0.45, 0.28, 0.16, 0.08, 0]
+    static let enabled = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT"] != "0"
+
+    let maxFps: Int
+    private let lock = NSLock()
+    private var ceiling = 0  // bits/s at full size and frame rate
+    private(set) var target = 0
+    private(set) var tier = 0
+    private var unacked: [(seq: UInt32, sent: Int64, bytes: Int)] = []
+    /// Round trips (send -> ack arrives here), for the baseline: the lowest
+    /// in the last 10 s is the path without any queue.
+    private var rtts: [(t: Int64, v: Int64)] = []
+    private var acked: [(t: Int64, bytes: Int)] = []  // the last second
+    private var sentLog: [(t: Int64, bytes: Int)] = []
+    private var captures: [Int64] = []  // the last second
+    private var frameBytes = 0  // average recent frame, kept while the gate holds everything back
+    private var held = 0  // frames the gate held back since the last update
+    private var lastSignal = false
+    private var sawAck = false
+    private var lastDecrease: Int64 = 0
+    private var lastIncrease: Int64 = 0
+    private var belowSince: Int64 = 0, aboveSince: Int64 = 0
+    /// What changed, for the timeline: (time, event).
+    private(set) var events: [(Int64, String)] = []
+
+    init(maxFps: Int) { self.maxFps = maxFps }
+
+    private func locked<T>(_ f: () -> T) -> T { lock.lock(); defer { lock.unlock() }; return f() }
+
+    /// The quality setting's bitrate at full size; the first call also starts there.
+    func setCeiling(_ bps: Int) {
+        locked {
+            if target == 0 || target > bps { target = bps }
+            ceiling = bps
+        }
+    }
+
+    var fps: Int { locked { fpsLocked } }
+    private var fpsLocked: Int { min(maxFps, RateController.tiers[tier].fps) }
+    var scale: Double { locked { RateController.tiers[tier].scale } }
+    var baseRtt: Int64 { locked { baseline() } }
+
+    private func baseline() -> Int64 { rtts.map(\.v).min() ?? 0 }
+
+    /// How late a frame may be before the gate holds the next one: one frame
+    /// interval, plus room for the jitter this link normally has (1.5 times
+    /// its recent spread), so ordinary Wi-Fi jitter doesn't cost frames but a
+    /// real queue does. Updated in update().
+    private var slack: Int64 = 40_000
+
+    /// Whether a frame may be sent now without queueing behind earlier ones.
+    /// `counts`: a held frame is a sign of congestion (not when merely
+    /// re-checking whether a held frame can go yet).
+    func maySend(now: Int64, counts: Bool = true) -> Bool {
+        locked {
+            guard RateController.enabled, sawAck else { return true }  // not heard from the viewer yet
+            // Unacknowledged for 2 s: gone with a reconnection, not in a queue.
+            unacked.removeAll { now - $0.sent > 2_000_000 }
+            guard let oldest = unacked.first else { return true }
+            // Age is what bounds latency. The count only stops a burst, and it
+            // allows a full round trip of frames, so a long but clear path
+            // (100 ms away) still gets every frame.
+            let interval = Int64(1_000_000 / max(1, fpsLocked))
+            let window = max(3, Int((baseline() + slack) / interval) + 1)
+            if unacked.count < window, now - oldest.sent <= baseline() + slack { return true }
+            if counts { held += 1 }
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A picture was captured (sent or not): with the frame sizes, what this
+    /// stream would send if the link allowed.
+    func captured(at t: Int64) {
+        locked {
+            captures.append(t)
+            if captures.count > 256 { captures.removeFirst(captures.count - 256) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func sent(seq: UInt32, bytes: Int, at t: Int64) {
+        locked {
+            // Bounded even if the viewer never acknowledges (an old viewer, or
+            // the controller is off).
+            unacked.append((seq, t, bytes))
+            if unacked.count > 512 { unacked.removeFirst(unacked.count - 512) }
+            sentLog.append((t, bytes))
+            if sentLog.count > 1024 { sentLog.removeFirst(sentLog.count - 1024) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The viewer has frame `seq`. Returns true if that may let a held frame go.
+    func acked(seq: UInt32, at now: Int64) -> Bool {
+        locked {
+            sawAck = true
+            guard let i = unacked.firstIndex(where: { $0.seq == seq }) else { return false }
+            let f = unacked[i]
+            unacked.removeSubrange(0...i)  // TCP delivers in order: earlier ones arrived too
+            rtts.append((now, now - f.sent))
+            acked.append((now, f.bytes))
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Called every 100 ms. Returns the new bitrate target, or nil if the
+    /// controller is off.
+    func update(now: Int64) -> Int? {
+        locked {
+            rtts.removeAll { now - $0.t > 10_000_000 }
+            acked.removeAll { now - $0.t > 500_000 }
+            sentLog.removeAll { now - $0.t > 500_000 }
+            unacked.removeAll { now - $0.sent > 2_000_000 }
+            captures.removeAll { now - $0 > 1_000_000 }
+            guard RateController.enabled, ceiling > 0 else { return nil }
+            let base = baseline()
+            let spread = rtts.filter { now - $0.t < 2_000_000 }.map(\.v).sorted()
+            let jitter = spread.isEmpty ? 0 : spread[spread.count * 9 / 10] - base
+            let interval = Int64(1_000_000 / max(1, fpsLocked))
+            slack = interval + min(max(jitter * 3 / 2, 25_000), 80_000)
+            let recent = rtts.filter { now - $0.t < 300_000 }.map(\.v).sorted()
+            let queueing = recent.isEmpty ? 0 : recent[recent.count / 2] - base
+            let oldestAge = unacked.first.map { now - $0.sent } ?? 0
+            let stuck = oldestAge > base + 100_000
+            let delivered = acked.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.bytes } * 16  // bits/s over the last half second
+            let sending = sentLog.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.bytes } * 16
+            // Demand: captures per second (up to the tier's rate) times the
+            // average frame. A test card or a mostly still window wants far
+            // less than its budget; when the link hiccups, cutting its bitrate
+            // can't help, and it would only look link-limited afterwards.
+            if !sentLog.isEmpty { frameBytes = sentLog.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.bytes } / sentLog.count }
+            let demand = min(captures.count, fpsLocked) * frameBytes * 8
+            // Delay alone isn't our queue: Wi-Fi jitters by itself. It only
+            // counts while this stream uses a good part of its budget (so its
+            // own data could be what's queueing). Frames the gate had to hold,
+            // or one stuck in flight, show demand the link isn't carrying
+            // whatever was sent (the gate itself keeps what's sent low).
+            let busy = sending >= target / 2
+            // Twice in a row (200 ms), so one late ack doesn't count.
+            let signal = (busy && queueing > 40_000) || held >= 3 || stuck
+            let congested = signal && lastSignal
+            lastSignal = signal
+            let heldNow = held
+            held = 0
+            let floorBps = 300_000
+            if congested, now - lastDecrease > 300_000 {
+                // Down to a bit under what got through: at least a fifth off, at
+                // most half (a stall delivers nothing, but the link is still there).
+                let measured = Int(Double(delivered) * 0.9)
+                var next = max(floorBps, min(target * 4 / 5, max(measured, target / 2)))
+                // App-limited (it wants about half its budget or less): never
+                // below twice what it wants, however many cuts in a row. The
+                // extra quarter is hysteresis, so frame sizes wobbling at the
+                // floor don't switch the protection off.
+                if demand > 0, demand * 2 <= target * 5 / 4 { next = max(next, min(target, demand * 2)) }
+                target = next
+                lastDecrease = now
+                events.append((now, "down to \(target / 1000) kbit/s: queue \(queueing / 1000) ms, held \(heldNow), "
+                                    + "oldest \(oldestAge / 1000) ms, base \(base / 1000) ms, sent \(sending / 1000) got \(delivered / 1000) "
+                                    + "wants \(demand / 1000)"))
+            } else if !congested, now - lastDecrease > 1_000_000, now - lastIncrease > 250_000, target < ceiling,
+                      sending > target * 6 / 10 || now - lastDecrease > 3_000_000 {
+                // Clear for a second and using what it has: probe up.
+                target = min(ceiling, Int(Double(target) * 1.1) + 50_000)
+                lastIncrease = now
+            }
+            // Fewer frames or pixels only help a stream that fills its budget;
+            // a small one (a still window, a test card) keeps its tier.
+            retier(now: now, linkLimited: sending >= target * 7 / 10)
+            if events.count > 200 { events.removeFirst(events.count - 200) }
+            return target
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Steps down quickly, straight to the tier the bitrate supports, and back
+    /// up one tier at a time only when there's clearly room (hysteresis).
+    private func retier(now: Int64, linkLimited: Bool) {
+        let share = Double(target) / Double(max(ceiling, 1))
+        if tier < RateController.tiers.count - 1, share < RateController.floors[tier], linkLimited {
+            if belowSince == 0 { belowSince = now }
+            if now - belowSince > 500_000 {
+                tier = RateController.floors.firstIndex { share >= $0 } ?? RateController.tiers.count - 1
+                belowSince = 0
+                events.append((now, "tier \(tier)"))
+            }
+        } else {
+            belowSince = 0
+        }
+        if tier > 0, share > RateController.floors[tier - 1] * 1.25 {
+            if aboveSince == 0 { aboveSince = now }
+            if now - aboveSince > 2_000_000 {
+                tier -= 1
+                aboveSince = 0
+                events.append((now, "tier \(tier)"))
+            }
+        } else {
+            aboveSince = 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    func state() -> [String: Any] {
+        locked {
+            ["target": target, "ceiling": ceiling, "tier": tier, "fps": min(maxFps, RateController.tiers[tier].fps),
+             "scale": RateController.tiers[tier].scale, "baseRtt": Double(baseline()) / 1000,
+             "inFlight": unacked.count, "slack": Double(slack) / 1000, "adapt": RateController.enabled]
+        }
+    }
+
+    func eventList() -> [[String: Any]] { locked { events.map { ["t": $0.0, "e": $0.1] } } }
+}
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Encoder.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Encoder.swift
index 114f403..d3b507a 100644
--- a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Encoder.swift
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Encoder.swift
@@ -18,11 +18,21 @@ final class Encoder {
     private var session: VTCompressionSession?
     private var forceKey = true
     private var lastPts = CMTime.invalid
-    /// Called on VideoToolbox's thread with one access unit (or JPEG) per frame.
-    var onFrame: ((Data, Bool, CMTime) -> Void)?
+    private var lastGiven = CMTime.invalid
+    /// Bits per second to aim for; nil means from the size, frame rate and
+    /// bits per pixel. Changing it takes effect on the next frame.
+    private var target: Int?
+    private(set) var bitrate = 0
+    /// Called on VideoToolbox's thread with one access unit (or JPEG) per
+    /// frame, and the sequence number it was submitted with.
+    var onFrame: ((Data, Bool, CMTime, UInt32) -> Void)?
     var onError: ((String) -> Void)?
     /// Called once per frame handed to VideoToolbox, however it went.
-    var onDone: (() -> Void)?
+    var onDone: ((UInt32) -> Void)?
+    /// Experiment switches (FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ENCODER, comma-separated), so a
+    /// benchmark can compare them without a rebuild.
+    static let options = Set((ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ENCODER"] ?? "")
+        .split(separator: ",").map(String.init))
 
     init(codec: Codec, fps: Int, bitsPerPixel: Double) {
         self.codec = codec
@@ -30,6 +40,27 @@ final class Encoder {
         self.bitsPerPixel = bitsPerPixel
     }
 
+    /// The bitrate the size and quality setting would give.
+    func defaultBitrate(width w: Int, height h: Int) -> Int {
+        Int(min(max(Double(w * h * fps) * bitsPerPixel, 2_000_000), 60_000_000))
+    }
+
+    /// Live, without a new keyframe. Call on the encoding queue.
+    func setBitrate(_ bps: Int?) {
+        target = bps
+        guard codec == .h264, let s = session else { return }
+        let b = bps ?? defaultBitrate(width: width, height: height)
+        guard b != bitrate else { return }
+        bitrate = b
+        VTSessionSetProperty(s, key: kVTCompressionPropertyKey_AverageBitRate, value: b as CFTypeRef)
+        // A hard ceiling too: no more than 200 ms' worth of bits in any 200 ms,
+        // so a keyframe can't hold the link for long.
+        if Encoder.options.contains("cap") {
+            VTSessionSetProperty(s, key: kVTCompressionPropertyKey_DataRateLimits,
+                                 value: [b / 8 / 5, 0.2] as CFArray)
+        }
+    }
+
     deinit { invalidate() }
 
     func requestKeyFrame() { forceKey = true }
@@ -46,6 +77,7 @@ final class Encoder {
         invalidate()
         var spec: [CFString: Any] = [:]
         if codec == .h264 { spec[kVTVideoEncoderSpecification_EnableLowLatencyRateControl] = true }
+        if Encoder.options.contains("hw") { spec[kVTVideoEncoderSpecification_RequireHardwareAcceleratedVideoEncoder] = true }
         var s: VTCompressionSession?
         let type = codec == .h264 ? kCMVideoCodecType_H264 : kCMVideoCodecType_JPEG
         func create(_ spec: [CFString: Any]) -> OSStatus {
@@ -68,11 +100,11 @@ final class Encoder {
         set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_TransferFunction, kCVImageBufferTransferFunction_ITU_R_709_2)
         set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_YCbCrMatrix, kCVImageBufferYCbCrMatrix_ITU_R_709_2)
         if codec == .h264 {
-            let bps = min(max(Double(w * h * fps) * bitsPerPixel, 2_000_000), 60_000_000)
             set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_ProfileLevel, kVTProfileLevel_H264_ConstrainedHigh_AutoLevel)
             set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_AllowFrameReordering, false)
-            set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_AverageBitRate, Int(bps))
             set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_ExpectedFrameRate, fps)
+            if Encoder.options.contains("nodelay") { set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_MaxFrameDelayCount, 0) }
+            if Encoder.options.contains("speed") { set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_PrioritizeEncodingSpeedOverQuality, true) }
             // A keyframe every 10 s at most, so a viewer that lost one recovers
             // even if it never asks. Viewers ask for one when they start.
             set(kVTCompressionPropertyKey_MaxKeyFrameIntervalDuration, 10)
@@ -82,24 +114,37 @@ final class Encoder {
         VTCompressionSessionPrepareToEncodeFrames(s)
         session = s
         lastPts = .invalid
+        lastGiven = .invalid
         width = w
         height = h
         forceKey = true
+        bitrate = 0
+        setBitrate(target)
         return true
     }
 
     /// False if the frame never reached VideoToolbox (then onDone won't come).
     @discardableResult
-    func encode(_ pb: CVPixelBuffer, pts given: CMTime) -> Bool {
-        // VideoToolbox needs strictly increasing timestamps; a resent picture
-        // stamped "now" can be followed by a capture stamped a moment earlier.
-        var pts = given
-        if lastPts.isValid, CMTimeCompare(pts, lastPts) <= 0 { pts = CMTimeAdd(lastPts, CMTime(value: 1, timescale: 1_000_000)) }
+    func encode(_ pb: CVPixelBuffer, pts given: CMTime, seq: UInt32) -> Bool {
+        // The encoder's own timeline: strictly increasing (a resent picture
+        // stamped "now" can be followed by a capture stamped a moment earlier),
+        // and never more than two frames on from the last one. Rate control
+        // budgets bits by elapsed time, so after a pause (the link held frames
+        // back, or nothing changed) one frame would otherwise get a quarter
+        // second's worth of bits: 200 KB that then hold a slow link for half a second.
         let w = CVPixelBufferGetWidth(pb), h = CVPixelBufferGetHeight(pb)
         if session == nil || w != width || h != height {
-            guard makeSession(width: w, height: h) else { return false }
+            guard makeSession(width: w, height: h) else { return false }  // a new timeline too
         }
         guard let s = session else { return false }
+        var pts = given
+        if lastPts.isValid, lastGiven.isValid {
+            let gap = CMTimeSubtract(given, lastGiven)
+            let most = CMTime(value: 2, timescale: CMTimeScale(fps))
+            let step = CMTimeCompare(gap, most) > 0 ? most : gap
+            pts = CMTimeAdd(lastPts, CMTimeMaximum(step, CMTime(value: 1, timescale: 1_000_000)))
+        }
+        lastGiven = given
         var props: CFDictionary?
         if forceKey {
             props = [kVTEncodeFrameOptionKey_ForceKeyFrame: true] as CFDictionary
@@ -110,12 +155,12 @@ final class Encoder {
         let status = VTCompressionSessionEncodeFrame(s, imageBuffer: pb, presentationTimeStamp: pts, duration: .invalid,
                                                      frameProperties: props, infoFlagsOut: nil) { [weak self] status, _, sample in
             guard let self else { return }
-            defer { self.onDone?() }
+            defer { self.onDone?(seq) }
             guard status == noErr, let sample else { return }
             if codec == .jpeg {
-                if let data = Self.bytes(sample) { self.onFrame?(data, true, pts) }
+                if let data = Self.bytes(sample) { self.onFrame?(data, true, pts, seq) }
             } else if let (data, key) = Self.annexB(sample) {
-                self.onFrame?(data, key, pts)
+                self.onFrame?(data, key, pts, seq)
             }
         }
         if status != noErr { forceKey = true }
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Separate.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Separate.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72c02be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Separate.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+// "Separate" mode: a streamed window gets a virtual display of its own. The
+// window is moved onto it and sized to fill it, and the whole display is
+// captured, so its menus, sheets, popovers and tooltips come along, nothing
+// can cover it, and clicks land on it without raising anything. On stop the
+// window goes back where it was. See docs/mac-window-separation.md.
+import AppKit
+import ApplicationServices
+import CoreMedia
+import Foundation
+
+@_silgen_name("_AXUIElementGetWindow")
+private func axWindowID(_ element: AXUIElement, _ id: UnsafeMutablePointer<CGWindowID>) -> AXError
+
+/// One of our virtual displays, HiDPI (2 pixels per point). Main thread only.
+final class VirtualDisplay {
+    static let vendor: UInt32 = 0xF0C0
+    /// How often macOS composites our displays (FRAME_MAC_VIEW_VD_HZ to experiment).
+    static let refreshRate = Double(ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["FRAME_MAC_VIEW_VD_HZ"] ?? "") ?? 60
+    private var display: CGVirtualDisplay?
+    let id: CGDirectDisplayID
+    /// Removal is deferred while the Mac's screen sleeps, and an identity
+    /// can't be reused until it's gone, so each display gets a fresh serial.
+    private static var serial = (UInt32(truncatingIfNeeded: ProcessInfo.processInfo.processIdentifier) & 0xFFFF) << 12
+
+    init?(name: String, width: Int, height: Int) {
+        var made: CGVirtualDisplay?
+        for _ in 0..<8 where made == nil {
+            VirtualDisplay.serial &+= 1
+            let d = CGVirtualDisplayDescriptor()
+            d.queue = DispatchQueue.main
+            d.name = name
+            d.maxPixelsWide = UInt32(2 * width)
+            d.maxPixelsHigh = UInt32(2 * height)
+            d.sizeInMillimeters = CGSize(width: Double(width) * 0.2646, height: Double(height) * 0.2646)
+            d.vendorID = VirtualDisplay.vendor
+            d.productID = 0x5E9A
+            d.serialNum = VirtualDisplay.serial
+            d.terminationHandler = { _, _ in }
+            guard let vd = CGVirtualDisplay(descriptor: d) else { continue }
+            let s = CGVirtualDisplaySettings()
+            s.hiDPI = 1
+            let hz = VirtualDisplay.refreshRate
+            s.modes = [CGVirtualDisplayMode(width: UInt32(2 * width), height: UInt32(2 * height), refreshRate: hz)!,
+                       CGVirtualDisplayMode(width: UInt32(width), height: UInt32(height), refreshRate: hz)!]
+            if vd.apply(s), vd.displayID != 0 { made = vd }
+        }
+        guard let made else { return nil }
+        display = made
+        id = made.displayID
+        // Pick the HiDPI mode: `width` points drawn with twice the pixels.
+        let modes = (CGDisplayCopyAllDisplayModes(id, [kCGDisplayShowDuplicateLowResolutionModes: true] as CFDictionary)
+            as? [CGDisplayMode]) ?? []
+        if let hidpi = modes.first(where: {
+            $0.width == width && $0.height == height && $0.pixelWidth == 2 * width && $0.refreshRate == VirtualDisplay.refreshRate
+        }) ?? modes.first(where: { $0.width == width && $0.height == height && $0.pixelWidth == 2 * width }) {
+            var cfg: CGDisplayConfigRef?
+            CGBeginDisplayConfiguration(&cfg)
+            CGConfigureDisplayWithDisplayMode(cfg, id, hidpi, nil)
+            CGCompleteDisplayConfiguration(cfg, .forSession)
+        }
+    }
+
+    var bounds: CGRect { CGDisplayBounds(id) }
+
+    var isHiDPI: Bool { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(id).map { $0.pixelWidth > $0.width } ?? false }
+
+    var screen: NSScreen? {
+        NSScreen.screens.first {
+            ($0.deviceDescription[NSDeviceDescriptionKey("NSScreenNumber")] as? NSNumber)?.uint32Value == id
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where a window may go, in global (top-left origin) points: the display
+    /// minus its menu bar and anything else macOS reserves there.
+    var usableRect: CGRect {
+        let b = bounds
+        guard let s = screen else { return b }
+        let top = s.frame.maxY - s.visibleFrame.maxY, bottom = s.visibleFrame.minY - s.frame.minY
+        let left = s.visibleFrame.minX - s.frame.minX, right = s.frame.maxX - s.visibleFrame.maxX
+        return CGRect(x: b.minX + left, y: b.minY + top, width: b.width - left - right, height: b.height - top - bottom)
+    }
+
+    func release() { display = nil }
+
+    static func isOurs(_ id: CGDirectDisplayID) -> Bool { CGDisplayVendorNumber(id) == vendor }
+}
+
+/// A window through the Accessibility API.
+struct AXWindow {
+    let element: AXUIElement
+
+    init?(windowID: CGWindowID, pid: pid_t) {
+        let app = AXUIElementCreateApplication(pid)
+        var value: CFTypeRef?
+        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(app, kAXWindowsAttribute as CFString, &value) == .success,
+              let windows = value as? [AXUIElement] else { return nil }
+        guard let match = windows.first(where: { w in
+            var id: CGWindowID = 0
+            return axWindowID(w, &id) == .success && id == windowID
+        }) else { return nil }
+        element = match
+    }
+
+    var frame: CGRect? {
+        var p: CFTypeRef?, s: CFTypeRef?
+        guard AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, kAXPositionAttribute as CFString, &p) == .success,
+              AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, kAXSizeAttribute as CFString, &s) == .success else { return nil }
+        var point = CGPoint.zero, size = CGSize.zero
+        AXValueGetValue(p as! AXValue, .cgPoint, &point)
+        AXValueGetValue(s as! AXValue, .cgSize, &size)
+        return CGRect(origin: point, size: size)
+    }
+
+    var isFullScreen: Bool {
+        var v: CFTypeRef?
+        return AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, "AXFullScreen" as CFString, &v) == .success && (v as? Bool) == true
+    }
+
+    /// Moving to another display: position first (so the size fits there),
+    /// then size, then position again in case the size change moved it.
+    func setFrame(_ r: CGRect) {
+        var origin = r.origin, size = r.size
+        let pos = AXValueCreate(.cgPoint, &origin)!, sz = AXValueCreate(.cgSize, &size)!
+        AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(element, kAXPositionAttribute as CFString, pos)
+        AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(element, kAXSizeAttribute as CFString, sz)
+        AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(element, kAXPositionAttribute as CFString, pos)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A window on a display of its own, captured as that display.
+final class SeparateSource: CaptureSource {
+    let windowID: CGWindowID
+    var onFrame: ((CVPixelBuffer, CMTime, Int64) -> Void)?
+    var onEnded: ((String) -> Void)?
+    var onChange: (() -> Void)?
+    private(set) var title = ""
+    private(set) var app = ""
+    private(set) var pid: pid_t?
+    private(set) var gone = false
+    private var display: VirtualDisplay?
+    private var inner: SCKSource?
+    private var window: AXWindow?
+    private var original: CGRect?
+    private var crop: CGRect?  // display points, when only part of the display is captured
+    private var poll: DispatchSourceTimer?
+    private var stopped = false
+    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "frame-mac-view.separate")
+
+    init(windowID: CGWindowID) { self.windowID = windowID }
+
+    var frameRect: CGRect { inner?.frameRect ?? .zero }
+    var displayID: CGDirectDisplayID? { display?.id }
+
+    func start(maxLong: Int, fps: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {
+        guard AXIsProcessTrusted() else {
+            return completion("Separate windows need the Accessibility permission (to move the window)")
+        }
+        guard let info = WindowInfo.find(windowID) else {
+            gone = true
+            return completion("that window has closed")
+        }
+        title = info.title
+        app = info.app
+        pid = info.pid
+        DispatchQueue.main.async { [self] in
+            guard !stopped else { return }
+            guard let w = AXWindow(windowID: windowID, pid: info.pid), let frame = w.frame else {
+                return completion("couldn't reach that window through Accessibility")
+            }
+            if w.isFullScreen { return completion("take the window out of full screen first") }
+            // A display the window's size, plus room for the menu bar, in
+            // points; within what a panel can show sharply.
+            let width = min(max(Int(frame.width.rounded()), 640), 2560) / 2 * 2
+            let height = min(max(Int(frame.height.rounded()) + 40, 480), 1600) / 2 * 2
+            guard let vd = VirtualDisplay(name: app.isEmpty ? "Frame Control" : "\(app) (Frame)", width: width, height: height) else {
+                return completion("macOS wouldn't create a display for this window")
+            }
+            display = vd
+            window = w
+            original = frame
+            // The new screen shows up in NSScreen a moment later; its menu bar
+            // decides where the window can go.
+            placeWindow(attempt: 0, maxLong: maxLong, fps: fps, completion: completion)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func placeWindow(attempt: Int, maxLong: Int, fps: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {
+        guard !stopped, let vd = display, let w = window else { return }
+        // Wait for the screen to appear, and for its HiDPI mode, so the
+        // first frames are captured sharp.
+        if vd.screen == nil || !vd.isHiDPI, attempt < 30 {
+            DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.1) {
+                self.placeWindow(attempt: attempt + 1, maxLong: maxLong, fps: fps, completion: completion)
+            }
+            return
+        }
+        let target = vd.usableRect
+        w.setFrame(target)
+        guard let now = w.frame, vd.bounds.intersects(now) else {
+            restore()
+            return completion("macOS didn't let the window move to its own display (Stage Manager can prevent this)")
+        }
+        let sck = SCKSource(.display(vd.id))
+        // A window that keeps its own size (Calculator, some dialogs) sits in
+        // the display's top-left corner: send only that corner, menu bar
+        // included, with room around it for menus, not a panel of wallpaper.
+        let b = vd.bounds
+        if now.width < target.width - 8 || now.height < target.height - 8 {
+            let w = min(b.width, max(now.maxX - b.minX, 480)), h = min(b.height, max(now.maxY - b.minY, 360))
+            crop = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: (w / 2).rounded(.up) * 2, height: (h / 2).rounded(.up) * 2)
+            sck.crop = crop
+        }
+        sck.onFrame = { [weak self] pb, pts, shown in self?.onFrame?(pb, pts, shown) }
+        sck.onEnded = { [weak self] reason in self?.onEnded?(reason) }
+        inner = sck
+        sck.start(maxLong: maxLong, fps: fps) { [weak self] error in
+            // Back on main, where stop() runs too, so a viewer that left during
+            // startup can't leave a capture running.
+            DispatchQueue.main.async {
+                guard let self, !self.stopped else { return sck.stop() }
+                if let error {
+                    self.restore()
+                    return completion(error)
+                }
+                self.startPolling()
+                completion(nil)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The window can close or be retitled; ScreenCaptureKit won't say.
+    private func startPolling() {
+        let t = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: queue)
+        t.schedule(deadline: .now() + 1, repeating: 1)
+        t.setEventHandler { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            guard let info = WindowInfo.find(self.windowID) else {
+                self.gone = true
+                self.onEnded?("the window closed")
+                return
+            }
+            if !info.title.isEmpty, info.title != self.title {
+                self.title = info.title
+                self.onChange?()
+            }
+            // Displays added at the same moment can rearrange each other, and
+            // someone may drag the window away: put it back on its display.
+            if !info.bounds.isEmpty {
+                DispatchQueue.main.async { self.keepOnDisplay(info.bounds) }
+            }
+        }
+        t.resume()
+        poll = t
+    }
+
+    private func keepOnDisplay(_ now: CGRect) {
+        guard !stopped, let vd = display, let w = window else { return }
+        let b = vd.bounds
+        if let c = crop {
+            // Only part of the display is sent: the window must stay inside it.
+            guard !c.offsetBy(dx: b.minX, dy: b.minY).insetBy(dx: -2, dy: -2).contains(now) else { return }
+        } else {
+            guard !b.contains(CGPoint(x: now.midX, y: now.minY + 10)) else { return }
+        }
+        let target = vd.usableRect
+        w.setFrame(CGRect(origin: target.origin, size: now.size.width < target.width - 8 ? now.size : target.size))
+    }
+
+    /// Lifecycle state (stopped, inner, poll, window, display) is only touched on main.
+    func stop() {
+        DispatchQueue.main.async { [self] in
+            stopped = true
+            poll?.cancel()
+            poll = nil
+            inner?.stop()
+            restore()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Puts the window back where it was, then removes the display. In that
+    /// order: removing a display first would let macOS pick where it goes.
+    private func restore() {
+        if let w = window, let r = original, WindowInfo.find(windowID) != nil { w.setFrame(r) }
+        window = nil
+        original = nil
+        let vd = display
+        display = nil
+        // Give WindowServer a moment to move the window before the display goes.
+        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.3) { vd?.release() }
+    }
+
+    func setMaxLong(_ n: Int) { DispatchQueue.main.async { self.inner?.setMaxLong(n) } }
+
+    func pointer(x: Double, y: Double, text: String?) {}
+}
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Server.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Server.swift
index 83db9e3..11c58dc 100644
--- a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Server.swift
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Server.swift
@@ -165,9 +165,10 @@ final class WebSocket {
     func sendJSON(_ obj: Any) {
         if let d = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: obj), let s = String(data: d, encoding: .utf8) { sendText(s) }
     }
-    func sendBinary(_ d: Data) { send(opcode: 2, d) }
+    /// `taken` runs once the network stack has taken the whole frame.
+    func sendBinary(_ d: Data, taken: (() -> Void)? = nil) { send(opcode: 2, d, taken: taken) }
 
-    func send(opcode: UInt8, _ payload: Data) {
+    func send(opcode: UInt8, _ payload: Data, taken: (() -> Void)? = nil) {
         var frame = Data([0x80 | opcode])
         let n = payload.count
         if n < 126 {
@@ -185,6 +186,7 @@ final class WebSocket {
         conn.send(content: frame, completion: .contentProcessed { [weak self] _ in
             guard let self else { return }
             self.lock.lock(); self._pending -= size; self.lock.unlock()
+            taken?()
             self.onDrain?()
         })
     }
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Stats.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Stats.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be7d2cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/Stats.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Per-frame timing, so every change to the stream can be judged by numbers.
+// All times are the agent's host clock in microseconds (the clock
+// ScreenCaptureKit stamps frames with). The viewer syncs to it over the
+// WebSocket and reports when each frame arrived, decoded and was drawn.
+import CoreMedia
+import Foundation
+
+private let timebase: mach_timebase_info_data_t = {
+    var t = mach_timebase_info_data_t()
+    mach_timebase_info(&t)
+    return t
+}()
+
+/// Now on the host clock, in microseconds.
+func nowUs() -> Int64 { hostUs(mach_absolute_time()) }
+
+/// A mach_absolute_time value (as in SCStreamFrameInfo.displayTime) in microseconds.
+func hostUs(_ ticks: UInt64) -> Int64 { Int64(ticks / 1000 * UInt64(timebase.numer) / UInt64(timebase.denom)) }
+
+/// A host-clock CMTime (ScreenCaptureKit's presentation times) in microseconds.
+func hostUs(_ t: CMTime) -> Int64 { t.isValid ? Int64(CMTimeGetSeconds(t) * 1_000_000) : nowUs() }
+
+/// One frame's journey. Zero means "didn't happen" or "not reported yet".
+struct FrameRecord {
+    var seq: UInt32 = 0
+    var key = false
+    var bytes = 0
+    var width = 0, height = 0
+    var capture: Int64 = 0  // the Mac composited it (display time)
+    var arrived: Int64 = 0  // ScreenCaptureKit handed it to us
+    var encodeStart: Int64 = 0
+    var encodeEnd: Int64 = 0
+    var sent: Int64 = 0  // handed to the WebSocket
+    var wire: Int64 = 0  // the socket took it
+    var received: Int64 = 0  // viewer, agent clock
+    var decoded: Int64 = 0
+    var drawn: Int64 = 0
+    var vsync: Int64 = 0  // the viewer's next animation frame after drawing it
+    var echo: UInt32 = 0  // the first frame after input `echo`
+    var tier = 0
+    var bitrate = 0
+
+    var json: [String: Any] {
+        ["s": seq, "k": key ? 1 : 0, "b": bytes, "w": width, "h": height, "cap": capture, "arr": arrived,
+         "e0": encodeStart, "e1": encodeEnd, "snd": sent, "wire": wire, "rx": received, "dec": decoded,
+         "drw": drawn, "vs": vsync, "echo": echo, "tier": tier, "br": bitrate]
+    }
+}
+
+/// One input event from the viewer and what came of it.
+struct InputRecord {
+    var id: UInt32
+    var kind: String
+    var viewer: Int64  // the viewer's event time, agent clock
+    var injected: Int64 = 0  // posted as a CGEvent
+    var frame: UInt32 = 0  // first frame captured after it (0: none yet)
+    var capture: Int64 = 0
+
+    var json: [String: Any] {
+        ["id": id, "kind": kind, "tv": viewer, "inj": injected, "frame": frame, "cap": capture]
+    }
+}
+
+func percentile(_ sorted: [Double], _ p: Double) -> Double? {
+    guard !sorted.isEmpty else { return nil }
+    let i = min(sorted.count - 1, max(0, Int((p * Double(sorted.count - 1)).rounded())))
+    return sorted[i]
+}
+
+/// Frames and inputs of one stream, kept for the last few thousand frames.
+/// Any thread.
+final class StreamStats {
+    static let capacity = 4096
+    private let lock = NSLock()
+    private var frames = [FrameRecord?](repeating: nil, count: StreamStats.capacity)
+    private var inputs: [UInt32: InputRecord] = [:]
+    private var inputOrder: [UInt32] = []
+    private(set) var nextSeq: UInt32 = 1
+    var captured = 0  // frames ScreenCaptureKit delivered
+    var skipped = 0  // held back from encoding (link, encoder, pacing or gate busy); only the newest may go later
+    var viewerDropped = 0  // not shown by the viewer (behind, or waiting for a keyframe)
+    var rtt: Double = 0  // ms, the viewer's best recent ping
+    var clockSynced = false
+    var decoder = ""  // what the viewer reports about its decoder
+
+    func withLock<T>(_ f: () -> T) -> T { lock.lock(); defer { lock.unlock() }; return f() }
+
+    func newFrame(_ r: FrameRecord) -> UInt32 {
+        withLock {
+            var r = r
+            r.seq = nextSeq
+            nextSeq &+= 1
+            frames[Int(r.seq) % StreamStats.capacity] = r
+            return r.seq
+        }
+    }
+
+    func update(_ seq: UInt32, _ f: (inout FrameRecord) -> Void) {
+        withLock {
+            let i = Int(seq) % StreamStats.capacity
+            guard var r = frames[i], r.seq == seq else { return }
+            f(&r)
+            frames[i] = r
+        }
+    }
+
+    func frame(_ seq: UInt32) -> FrameRecord? {
+        withLock {
+            let r = frames[Int(seq) % StreamStats.capacity]
+            return r?.seq == seq ? r : nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    func addInput(_ r: InputRecord) {
+        withLock {
+            inputs[r.id] = r
+            inputOrder.append(r.id)
+            if inputOrder.count > 512 { inputs[inputOrder.removeFirst()] = nil }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func updateInput(_ id: UInt32, _ f: (inout InputRecord) -> Void) {
+        withLock { if var r = inputs[id] { f(&r); inputs[id] = r } }
+    }
+
+    /// Frames with seq > `since` that were sent at least `settle` µs ago, so
+    /// the viewer has had time to report on them.
+    func settled(since: UInt32, settle: Int64 = 1_500_000) -> [FrameRecord] {
+        let cutoff = nowUs() - settle
+        return withLock {
+            frames.compactMap { $0 }.filter { $0.seq > since && $0.sent > 0 && $0.sent < cutoff }.sorted { $0.seq < $1.seq }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func inputList() -> [InputRecord] { withLock { inputOrder.compactMap { inputs[$0] } } }
+
+    /// Percentiles over the last `window` µs, for /status and the overlay.
+    func summary(window: Int64 = 2_000_000) -> [String: Any] {
+        let now = nowUs(), from = now - window
+        let recent = withLock { frames.compactMap { $0 }.filter { $0.sent > from } }
+        func ms(_ pick: (FrameRecord) -> (Int64, Int64)) -> [String: Double] {
+            let v = recent.compactMap { r -> Double? in
+                let (a, b) = pick(r)
+                return a > 0 && b > 0 ? Double(b - a) / 1000 : nil
+            }.sorted()
+            guard !v.isEmpty else { return [:] }
+            return ["p50": (percentile(v, 0.5)! * 10).rounded() / 10, "p95": (percentile(v, 0.95)! * 10).rounded() / 10]
+        }
+        let secs = Double(window) / 1_000_000
+        let shown = recent.filter { $0.vsync > 0 }.count
+        let bytes = recent.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.bytes }
+        var s: [String: Any] = [
+            "capture": ms { ($0.capture, $0.arrived) },
+            "queue": ms { ($0.arrived, $0.encodeStart) },
+            "encode": ms { ($0.encodeStart, $0.encodeEnd) },
+            "network": ms { ($0.encodeEnd, $0.received) },
+            "decode": ms { ($0.received, $0.decoded) },
+            "draw": ms { ($0.decoded, $0.vsync) },
+            "total": ms { ($0.capture, $0.vsync) },
+            "fps": (Double(shown) / secs * 10).rounded() / 10,
+            "sentFps": (Double(recent.count) / secs * 10).rounded() / 10,
+            "mbps": (Double(bytes * 8) / secs / 1e5).rounded() / 10,
+            "rtt": (rtt * 10).rounded() / 10,
+            "synced": clockSynced,
+        ]
+        withLock {
+            s["captured"] = captured
+            s["skipped"] = skipped
+            s["dropped"] = viewerDropped
+            s["decoder"] = decoder
+            let done = inputOrder.suffix(20).compactMap { inputs[$0] }.compactMap { i -> Double? in
+                guard i.frame != 0, let f = frames[Int(i.frame) % StreamStats.capacity], f.seq == i.frame, f.vsync > 0
+                else { return nil }
+                return Double(f.vsync - i.viewer) / 1000
+            }.sorted()
+            if !done.isEmpty { s["input"] = ["p50": percentile(done, 0.5)!, "n": done.count] }
+        }
+        return s
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/main.swift b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/main.swift
index 322b673..5eb0f70 100644
--- a/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/main.swift
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/Sources/main.swift
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 //   POST /ticket?src=...                  ?k=: a ticket for one viewer of src
 //   POST /close[?src=...]                 ?k=: end those streams, close their windows
 //   POST /permissions                     ?k=: show macOS's permission prompts
+//   GET  /stats[?id=&since=]              ?k=: per-frame timing records (for benchmarks)
+//   POST /bench?src=&action=...           ?k=: ask viewers of src to type, click or show their overlay
 // src is window:<CGWindowID>, display:<CGDirectDisplayID> or test.
 import AppKit
 import ApplicationServices
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ func displaysJSON() -> [[String: Any]] {
     var n: UInt32 = 0
     // Online, not active: a display that's asleep is still one you can stream.
     CGGetOnlineDisplayList(16, &ids, &n)
-    return ids.prefix(Int(n)).filter { CGDisplayMirrorsDisplay($0) == kCGNullDirectDisplay }.map { id in
+    return ids.prefix(Int(n)).filter {
+        CGDisplayMirrorsDisplay($0) == kCGNullDirectDisplay && !VirtualDisplay.isOurs($0)  // not a separated window's
+    }.map { id in
         let b = CGDisplayBounds(id)
         return ["id": id, "src": "display:\(id)", "name": displayName(id), "w": Int(b.width), "h": Int(b.height),
                 "main": CGDisplayIsMain(id) != 0]
@@ -59,6 +63,9 @@ func printJSON(_ obj: Any) {
     FileHandle.standardOutput.write(d + Data("\n".utf8))
 }
 
+/// A number from a JSON message, whatever its JSON type.
+func num(_ v: Any?) -> Double? { (v as? NSNumber)?.doubleValue }
+
 /// One viewer watching one source.
 final class Session {
     let id: Int
@@ -68,11 +75,28 @@ final class Session {
     let ws: WebSocket
     let codec: Codec
     let reconnectKey: String
+    let stats = StreamStats()
+    let controller: RateController
+    private var appliedScale = 1.0
+    private var lastSubmit: Int64 = 0
+    private var paceScheduled = false
     private let lock = NSLock()
-    private var last: (CVPixelBuffer, CMTime)?
+    /// A captured picture waiting to be encoded (or the last one encoded).
+    private struct Picture {
+        let pb: CVPixelBuffer
+        let pts: CMTime
+        let capture: Int64
+        let arrived: Int64
+        var echo: UInt32  // the input this picture is the first reply to
+    }
+    private var last: Picture?
     private var skipped = false
     private var stopped = false
     private var inFlight = 0
+    /// Input posted to the Mac whose effect hasn't been captured yet: the
+    /// next picture composited after `after` is tagged with it.
+    private var pendingEcho: (id: UInt32, after: Int64)?
+    private var statsTimer: DispatchSourceTimer?
     /// Frames already queued for the network; beyond this, or with two frames
     /// already in the encoder, new frames are skipped (before encoding, so no
     /// reference frame goes missing) and the newest picture is sent once
@@ -93,23 +117,63 @@ final class Session {
         self.codec = codec
         self.reconnectKey = reconnectKey
         encoder = Encoder(codec: codec, fps: fps, bitsPerPixel: bitsPerPixel)
+        controller = RateController(maxFps: fps)
         maxPending = codec == .jpeg ? 3 << 20 : 1 << 20
     }
 
+    /// Frames come faster than the current tier's frame rate: this one waits,
+    /// and goes when its turn comes (unless a newer one replaces it).
+    /// Call with `lock` held.
+    private func paced(now: Int64) -> Bool {
+        let fps = controller.fps
+        guard fps < controller.maxFps, lastSubmit > 0 else { return false }
+        let interval = Int64(1_000_000 / fps), due = lastSubmit + interval * 9 / 10
+        guard now < due else { return false }
+        if !paceScheduled {
+            paceScheduled = true
+            encodeQueue.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + .microseconds(Int(due - now))) { [weak self] in
+                guard let self else { return }
+                self.lock.lock(); self.paceScheduled = false; self.lock.unlock()
+                self.resendIfRoom()
+            }
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
     /// Encodes `pb` unless the link or the encoder is busy, in which case it
     /// becomes the picture to send next.
-    private func offer(_ pb: CVPixelBuffer, pts: CMTime) {
+    private func offer(_ pb: CVPixelBuffer, pts: CMTime, capture shown: Int64) {
+        let arrived = nowUs()
+        stats.withLock { stats.captured += 1 }
+        controller.captured(at: arrived)
         lock.lock()
-        last = (pb, pts)
+        // A reply to input stays with whichever picture ends up being sent.
+        var echo = skipped ? last?.echo ?? 0 : 0
+        if let p = pendingEcho, shown >= p.after {
+            echo = p.id
+            pendingEcho = nil
+        }
+        let picture = Picture(pb: pb, pts: pts, capture: shown, arrived: arrived, echo: echo)
+        last = picture
         let busy = stopped || ws.pendingBytes > maxPending || inFlight >= Session.maxInFlight
-        if busy { skipped = true } else { inFlight += 1 }
+            || paced(now: arrived) || !controller.maySend(now: arrived)
+        if busy { skipped = true } else { inFlight += 1; last?.echo = 0; lastSubmit = arrived }
         lock.unlock()
-        if !busy { submit(pb, pts: pts) }
+        if busy { stats.withLock { stats.skipped += 1 } } else { submit(picture) }
     }
 
-    private func submit(_ pb: CVPixelBuffer, pts: CMTime) {
+    private func submit(_ p: Picture) {
         encodeQueue.async {
-            if !self.encoder.encode(pb, pts: pts) { self.finished() }
+            var r = FrameRecord()
+            r.capture = p.capture
+            r.arrived = p.arrived
+            r.echo = p.echo
+            r.bitrate = self.encoder.bitrate
+            r.tier = self.controller.tier
+            r.encodeStart = nowUs()
+            let seq = self.stats.newFrame(r)
+            if p.echo != 0 { self.stats.updateInput(p.echo) { $0.frame = seq; $0.capture = p.capture } }
+            if !self.encoder.encode(p.pb, pts: p.pts, seq: seq) { self.finished() }
         }
     }
 
@@ -124,28 +188,61 @@ final class Session {
 
     private func resendIfRoom() {
         lock.lock()
-        var next: (CVPixelBuffer, CMTime)?
-        if !stopped, skipped, ws.pendingBytes <= maxPending / 2, inFlight < Session.maxInFlight, let l = last {
+        var next: Picture?
+        let now = nowUs()
+        if !stopped, skipped, ws.pendingBytes <= maxPending / 2, inFlight < Session.maxInFlight, let l = last,
+           !paced(now: now), controller.maySend(now: now, counts: false) {
             next = l
             skipped = false
             inFlight += 1
+            last?.echo = 0
+            lastSubmit = now
         }
         lock.unlock()
-        if let (pb, _) = next { submit(pb, pts: CMClockGetTime(CMClockGetHostTimeClock())) }
+        // Stamped now: VideoToolbox needs increasing times, and the capture
+        // time stays in the record, so the wait counts as latency.
+        if let p = next {
+            submit(Picture(pb: p.pb, pts: CMClockGetTime(CMClockGetHostTimeClock()), capture: p.capture,
+                           arrived: p.arrived, echo: p.echo))
+        }
     }
 
     func start(maxLong: Int, fps: Int) {
-        encoder.onFrame = { [weak self] data, key, pts in
+        encoder.onFrame = { [weak self] data, key, pts, seq in
             guard let self else { return }
-            var msg = Data([key ? 1 : 0])
+            let t = nowUs()
+            // The quality setting's bitrate, at full size, is the most it gets.
+            if self.appliedScale == 1 {
+                self.controller.setCeiling(self.encoder.defaultBitrate(width: self.encoder.width, height: self.encoder.height))
+            }
+            self.controller.sent(seq: seq, bytes: data.count + 17, at: t)
+            var echo: UInt32 = 0
+            let (w, h) = (self.encoder.width, self.encoder.height)
+            self.stats.update(seq) {
+                $0.encodeEnd = t
+                $0.sent = t
+                $0.bytes = data.count
+                $0.key = key
+                $0.width = w
+                $0.height = h
+                echo = $0.echo
+            }
+            // Header: flags (1 = keyframe), pts µs, sequence number, and the
+            // input this frame is the first reply to; all big-endian.
+            var msg = Data(capacity: data.count + 17)
+            msg.append(key ? 1 : 0)
             var us = UInt64(max(0, CMTimeGetSeconds(pts)) * 1_000_000).bigEndian
             msg.append(Data(bytes: &us, count: 8))
+            var s = seq.bigEndian, e = echo.bigEndian
+            msg.append(Data(bytes: &s, count: 4))
+            msg.append(Data(bytes: &e, count: 4))
             msg.append(data)
-            self.ws.sendBinary(msg)
+            let stats = self.stats
+            self.ws.sendBinary(msg) { stats.update(seq) { $0.wire = nowUs() } }
         }
-        encoder.onDone = { [weak self] in self?.finished() }
+        encoder.onDone = { [weak self] _ in self?.finished() }
         encoder.onError = { [weak self] message in self?.ws.sendJSON(["t": "error", "message": message]) }
-        capture.onFrame = { [weak self] pb, pts in self?.offer(pb, pts: pts) }
+        capture.onFrame = { [weak self] pb, pts, shown in self?.offer(pb, pts: pts, capture: shown) }
         capture.onEnded = { [weak self] reason in
             guard let self else { return }
             self.ws.sendJSON(["t": "closed", "reason": reason])
@@ -158,13 +255,30 @@ final class Session {
         ws.start()
         // Reconnect with this (kept in the page's memory, never on a command line).
         ws.sendJSON(["t": "hello", "r": reconnectKey])
-        if let sck = capture as? SCKSource {
-            sck.onChange = { [weak self] in self?.sendInfo() }
+        capture.onChange = { [weak self] in self?.sendInfo() }
+        // The numbers, for the viewer's overlay.
+        // Adapt ten times a second; the numbers go to the viewer once a second.
+        let t = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: encodeQueue)
+        t.schedule(deadline: .now() + 0.1, repeating: 0.1)
+        var ticks = 0
+        t.setEventHandler { [weak self] in
+            guard let self, !self.isStopped else { return }
+            self.adapt(maxLong: maxLong)
+            ticks += 1
+            guard ticks % 10 == 0 else { return }
+            var s = self.stats.summary()
+            s.merge(self.controller.state()) { a, _ in a }
+            s["t"] = "stats"
+            s["bitrate"] = self.encoder.bitrate
+            s["size"] = "\(self.encoder.width)×\(self.encoder.height)"
+            self.ws.sendJSON(s)
         }
+        t.resume()
+        statsTimer = t
         capture.start(maxLong: maxLong, fps: fps) { [weak self] error in
             guard let self else { return }
             if let error {
-                if (self.capture as? SCKSource)?.gone == true {
+                if self.capture.gone {
                     // Final, like a window closing mid-stream: the viewer closes
                     // and its key is revoked, rather than retrying for ever.
                     self.ws.sendJSON(["t": "closed", "reason": error])
@@ -179,9 +293,26 @@ final class Session {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Applies the controller's bitrate and tier. On the encoding queue.
+    private func adapt(maxLong: Int) {
+        guard let bps = controller.update(now: nowUs()) else { return }
+        encoder.setBitrate(bps)
+        let scale = controller.scale
+        if scale != appliedScale {
+            appliedScale = scale
+            capture.setMaxLong(max(320, Int(Double(maxLong) * scale)))
+        }
+        resendIfRoom()  // a lower tier may let a held frame go now
+    }
+
+    /// While someone is typing or clicking, the viewer sends a tiny message this
+    /// often (ms, 0 = off), so the Frame's Wi-Fi doesn't doze between the input
+    /// and the frame that answers it (power saving is on there).
+    static let warmMs = Int(ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["FRAME_MAC_VIEW_WARM"] ?? "") ?? 0
+
     func sendInfo() {
         ws.sendJSON(["t": "info", "src": source.key, "title": capture.title, "app": capture.app, "codec": codec.rawValue,
-                     "input": source == .test || Input.allowed,
+                     "input": source == .test || Input.allowed, "warm": Session.warmMs,
                      "aspect": Double(capture.frameRect.width / max(capture.frameRect.height, 1))])
     }
 
@@ -194,6 +325,7 @@ final class Session {
         last = nil
         lock.unlock()
         guard !was else { return }
+        statsTimer?.cancel()
         capture.stop()
         encodeQueue.async { self.encoder.invalidate() }
         let owner = id
@@ -208,9 +340,55 @@ final class Session {
         return CGPoint(x: r.minX + min(max(x, 0), 1) * r.width, y: r.minY + min(max(y, 0), 1) * r.height)
     }
 
+    /// Input with an id (from the viewer) has been posted: the next picture
+    /// the Mac composites is its first chance to show.
+    private func injected(_ m: [String: Any], kind: String) {
+        guard let iid = (m["i"] as? NSNumber)?.uint32Value, iid != 0 else { return }
+        let now = nowUs()
+        stats.addInput(InputRecord(id: iid, kind: kind, viewer: Int64(num(m["tv"]) ?? 0), injected: now))
+        lock.lock(); pendingEcho = (iid, now); lock.unlock()
+    }
+
+    /// Timing reports from the viewer, in the agent's clock.
+    private func report(_ t: String, _ m: [String: Any]) -> Bool {
+        switch t {
+        case "ping":
+            ws.sendJSON(["t": "pong", "c": m["c"] ?? 0, "a": nowUs()])
+        case "rx":
+            guard let s = (m["s"] as? NSNumber)?.uint32Value else { break }
+            if let r = num(m["r"]) { stats.update(s) { $0.received = Int64(r) } }
+            if controller.acked(seq: s, at: nowUs()) { resendIfRoom() }
+        case "fd":
+            for f in m["f"] as? [[NSNumber]] ?? [] where f.count >= 4 {
+                stats.update(f[0].uint32Value) {
+                    $0.decoded = f[1].int64Value
+                    $0.drawn = f[2].int64Value
+                    $0.vsync = f[3].int64Value
+                }
+            }
+            let dropped = Int(num(m["drop"]) ?? 0)
+            stats.withLock { stats.viewerDropped += dropped }
+        case "w":
+            break  // keep-warm filler, see sendInfo
+        case "clock":
+            stats.withLock {
+                stats.rtt = num(m["rtt"]) ?? 0
+                stats.clockSynced = true
+                if let d = m["dec"] as? String { stats.decoder = d }
+            }
+        default:
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /// Asks the viewer to do something for a benchmark (type, click, show its overlay).
+    func bench(_ m: [String: Any]) { ws.sendJSON(m.merging(["t": "bench"]) { a, _ in a }) }
+
     private func handle(_ text: String) {
         guard !isStopped, let d = text.data(using: .utf8),
               let m = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: d) as? [String: Any], let t = m["t"] as? String else { return }
+        if report(t, m) { return }
         let x = m["x"] as? Double ?? -1, y = m["y"] as? Double ?? -1
         if t == "ack" {
             onAck?()
@@ -233,6 +411,7 @@ final class Session {
             default: desc = nil
             }
             capture.pointer(x: x, y: y, text: desc)
+            if desc != nil { injected(m, kind: t) }
             return
         }
         DispatchQueue.main.async { [self] in
@@ -245,13 +424,17 @@ final class Session {
                     Input.focus(window: wid, pid: pid)
                 }
                 Input.mouse(kind, button: b, at: p, owner: id)
+                if kind == "down" { injected(m, kind: "click") }
             case "wheel":
                 Input.scroll(dx: m["dx"] as? Double ?? 0, dy: m["dy"] as? Double ?? 0, at: point(x, y), owner: id)
+                injected(m, kind: "wheel")
             case "k":
+                let down = (m["e"] as? String) == "down"
                 Input.key(code: m["code"] as? String ?? "", key: m["key"] as? String ?? "",
-                          down: (m["e"] as? String) == "down", mods: m["mods"] as? [String] ?? [], owner: id)
+                          down: down, mods: m["mods"] as? [String] ?? [], owner: id)
+                if down { injected(m, kind: "key") }
             case "text":
-                if let s = m["s"] as? String, s.count <= 4096 { Input.text(s) }
+                if let s = m["s"] as? String, s.count <= 4096 { Input.text(s); injected(m, kind: "text") }
             case "release":
                 Input.releaseAll(owner: id)
             case "focus":
@@ -292,6 +475,21 @@ final class Agent {
     /// Sources that ended for good (the window closed), for Frame Control.
     private var finished = Set<String>()
 
+    /// Ends every stream, then exits once separated windows are back on the
+    /// Mac's own screens (they're moved back, then their displays go 0.3 s later).
+    /// Idempotent: SIGTERM and the parent going away can both call it, and a
+    /// session already ended by /close may still be putting its window back.
+    private var quitting = false
+    func quit() {
+        lock.lock()
+        let all = Array(sessions.values), again = quitting
+        quitting = true
+        lock.unlock()
+        guard !again else { return }
+        for s in all { s.ws.sendJSON(["t": "close"]); s.end() }
+        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.8) { exit(0) }
+    }
+
     /// While anyone watches, keep the Mac's display on: a sleeping display
     /// stops being drawn, so there'd be nothing to capture (and it would lock).
     private func keepDisplayAwake(_ on: Bool) {
@@ -355,7 +553,13 @@ final class Agent {
         switch (req.method, req.path) {
         case ("GET", "/status"):
             lock.lock()
-            let list = sessions.values.map { ["id": $0.id, "src": $0.source.key, "title": $0.capture.title, "app": $0.capture.app] }
+            let list = sessions.values.map { s -> [String: Any] in
+                var e: [String: Any] = ["id": s.id, "src": s.source.key, "title": s.capture.title, "app": s.capture.app,
+                                        "stats": s.stats.summary(), "bitrate": s.encoder.bitrate,
+                                        "controller": s.controller.state()]
+                if let d = (s.capture as? SeparateSource)?.displayID { e["display"] = d }
+                return e
+            }
             lock.unlock()
             var s = permissionsJSON()
             s["version"] = version
@@ -386,6 +590,33 @@ final class Agent {
             for s in matching { s.ws.sendJSON(["t": "close"]) }
             DispatchQueue.global().asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.3) { for s in matching { s.end() } }
             c.respond(json: ["closed": matching.count])
+        case ("GET", "/stats"):
+            // Frames the viewer has had time to report on, oldest first.
+            let since = UInt32(req.query["since"] ?? "") ?? 0
+            let settle = Int64(req.query["settle"] ?? "") ?? 1_500_000
+            lock.lock()
+            let list = sessions.values.filter { req.query["id"] == nil || "\($0.id)" == req.query["id"] }
+            lock.unlock()
+            c.respond(json: ["now": nowUs(), "streams": list.map { s -> [String: Any] in
+                ["id": s.id, "src": s.source.key, "frames": s.stats.settled(since: since, settle: settle).map(\.json),
+                 "inputs": s.stats.inputList().map(\.json), "summary": s.stats.summary(),
+                 "captured": s.stats.withLock { s.stats.captured }, "controller": s.controller.state(),
+                 "events": s.controller.eventList()]
+            }])
+        case ("POST", "/bench"):
+            lock.lock()
+            let list = sessions.values.filter { $0.source.key == req.query["src"] }
+            lock.unlock()
+            var m: [String: Any] = [:]
+            for (k, v) in req.query where k != "k" && k != "src" { m[k] = Double(v) ?? v as Any }
+            for s in list { s.bench(m) }
+            c.respond(json: ["sent": list.count])
+        case ("GET", "/snapshot"):
+            // One JPEG of a display (for checks and thumbnails): ?display=ID
+            guard let id = UInt32(req.query["display"] ?? "") else { return c.respond(400, text: "display=ID") }
+            snapshot(display: id) { data, error in
+                if let data { c.respond(200, body: data, type: "image/jpeg") } else { c.respond(500, text: error ?? "failed") }
+            }
         case ("POST", "/permissions"):
             DispatchQueue.main.async { requestPermissions() }
             c.respond(json: permissionsJSON())
@@ -400,7 +631,12 @@ final class Agent {
         let fps = min(max(Int(req.query["fps"] ?? "") ?? 60, 5), 120)
         let bpp = min(max(Double(req.query["bpp"] ?? "") ?? 0.1, 0.02), 0.5)
         guard let ws = c.upgrade(req) else { return }
-        let capture: CaptureSource = src == .test ? TestSource() : SCKSource(src)
+        let capture: CaptureSource
+        switch src {
+        case .test: capture = TestSource()
+        case .separate(let id): capture = SeparateSource(windowID: id)
+        default: capture = SCKSource(src)
+        }
         lock.lock()
         // One live viewer per key: a reconnection (or a second use of an
         // unacknowledged ticket) replaces the one before.
@@ -428,6 +664,24 @@ final class Agent {
     }
 }
 
+func snapshot(display id: CGDirectDisplayID, completion: @escaping (Data?, String?) -> Void) {
+    SCShareableContent.getExcludingDesktopWindows(false, onScreenWindowsOnly: true) { content, error in
+        guard let d = content?.displays.first(where: { $0.displayID == id }) else {
+            return completion(nil, error?.localizedDescription ?? "no such display")
+        }
+        let filter = SCContentFilter(display: d, excludingWindows: [])
+        let cfg = SCStreamConfiguration()
+        cfg.width = Int(Double(d.width) * Double(filter.pointPixelScale))
+        cfg.height = Int(Double(d.height) * Double(filter.pointPixelScale))
+        cfg.showsCursor = true
+        SCScreenshotManager.captureImage(contentFilter: filter, configuration: cfg) { image, error in
+            guard let image else { return completion(nil, error?.localizedDescription ?? "no image") }
+            let rep = NSBitmapImageRep(cgImage: image)
+            completion(rep.representation(using: .jpeg, properties: [.compressionFactor: 0.85]), nil)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 func requestPermissions() {
     if !CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess() { CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess() }
     if !AXIsProcessTrusted() {
@@ -460,13 +714,19 @@ case "serve":
     }
     let page = argument("--page", in: args).map { URL(fileURLWithPath: $0) }
     let agent = Agent(token: token, page: page)
-    // Quit when the parent goes away (it holds our stdin open).
+    // Quit when the parent goes away (it holds our stdin open), or on SIGTERM,
+    // but first end every stream, so separated windows go back where they
+    // were before their displays disappear.
     if args.contains("--exit-on-eof") {
         DispatchQueue.global().async {
             while FileHandle.standardInput.availableData.count > 0 {}
-            exit(0)
+            agent.quit()
         }
     }
+    signal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN)
+    let sigterm = DispatchSource.makeSignalSource(signal: SIGTERM, queue: .main)
+    sigterm.setEventHandler { agent.quit() }
+    sigterm.resume()
     let server: Server
     do {
         server = try Server(port: port) { req, c in agent.handle(req, c) }
@@ -482,8 +742,13 @@ case "serve":
         print("frame-mac-view listening on 127.0.0.1:\(server.port ?? port)")
         fflush(stdout)
     }
-    _ = NSApplication.shared  // AppKit for NSScreen names and app activation
-    withExtendedLifetime(server) { RunLoop.main.run() }
+    // A real (background, no Dock icon) AppKit event loop, not just a run
+    // loop: without it this process never hears that displays were added or
+    // changed mode, so NSScreen and CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode stay stale for
+    // the displays Separate mode creates.
+    let app = NSApplication.shared
+    app.setActivationPolicy(.prohibited)
+    withExtendedLifetime((server, sigterm)) { app.run() }
 default:
     FileHandle.standardError.write(Data("usage: frame-mac-view serve|windows|displays|permissions|request-permissions\n".utf8))
     exit(2)
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/build.sh b/mac/frame-mac-view/build.sh
index 4fafda2..f391a58 100755
--- a/mac/frame-mac-view/build.sh
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/build.sh
@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@ here=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
 out=${1:-$here/../bin/frame-mac-view}
 mkdir -p "$(dirname "$out")"
 xcrun swiftc -O -swift-version 5 -target arm64-apple-macos14.0 \
+  -import-objc-header "$here/Sources/CGVirtualDisplay.h" \
   -o "$out" "$here"/Sources/*.swift
 echo "built $out"
diff --git a/mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh b/mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..11440d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Wraps the agent in "Frame Mac View Lab.app" for testing from a terminal or
+# an agent session: macOS then asks for Screen Recording and Accessibility
+# for this app rather than for the terminal. Signed with an Apple Development
+# identity if there is one, so the permissions survive rebuilds.
+#   mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh            build the app into mac/bin/
+#   mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh serve      also start it (token, port and log in ~/Library/Caches/frame-mac-view-lab,
+#                                        readable only by you: the token opens every window and injects input)
+#   mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh serve-only restart it without rebuilding
+set -eu
+here=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
+app="$here/../bin/Frame Mac View Lab.app"
+if [ "${1:-}" != serve-only ]; then
+  mkdir -p "$app/Contents/MacOS"
+  sh "$here/build.sh" "$app/Contents/MacOS/frame-mac-view" >/dev/null
+  cat > "$app/Contents/Info.plist" <<PLIST
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0"><dict>
+<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key><string>com.saphid.frame-mac-view-lab</string>
+<key>CFBundleExecutable</key><string>frame-mac-view</string>
+<key>CFBundleName</key><string>Frame Mac View Lab</string>
+<key>CFBundlePackageType</key><string>APPL</string>
+<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key><string>1</string>
+<key>LSUIElement</key><true/>
+<key>NSScreenCaptureUsageDescription</key><string>Tests streaming Mac windows into the Steam Frame.</string>
+</dict></plist>
+PLIST
+  id=$(security find-identity -v -p codesigning 2>/dev/null | awk '/Apple Development/ {print $2; exit}')
+  codesign -f -s "${id:--}" "$app" >/dev/null 2>&1
+  echo "built $app (signed ${id:-ad hoc})"
+fi
+if [ "${1:-}" = serve ] || [ "${1:-}" = serve-only ]; then
+  pkill -f "Frame Mac View Lab.app/Contents/MacOS/frame-mac-view" 2>/dev/null || true
+  dir="$HOME/Library/Caches/frame-mac-view-lab"
+  mkdir -p "$dir" && chmod 700 "$dir"
+  umask 077
+  token=$(openssl rand -hex 16)
+  rm -f "$dir/token" "$dir/port" "$dir/log"
+  echo "$token" > "$dir/token"
+  : > "$dir/log"
+  # Experiment switches pass through: FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ENCODER (Encoder.swift),
+  # _VD_HZ (Separate.swift), _ADAPT (Controller.swift), _WARM (main.swift).
+  open -n "$app" --env "FRAME_MAC_VIEW_TOKEN=$token" --env "FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ENCODER=${FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ENCODER:-}" --env "FRAME_MAC_VIEW_VD_HZ=${FRAME_MAC_VIEW_VD_HZ:-}" \
+    --env "FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT=${FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT:-}" --env "FRAME_MAC_VIEW_WARM=${FRAME_MAC_VIEW_WARM:-}" --stdout "$dir/log" --stderr "$dir/log" \
+    --args serve --port 0 --page "$here/../../ui/mac-view.html"
+  for _ in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do grep -q listening "$dir/log" && break; sleep 0.3; done
+  sed -n 's/.*127\.0\.0\.1:\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p' "$dir/log" | head -n 1 > "$dir/port"
+  echo "lab on 127.0.0.1:$(cat "$dir/port")"
+fi
diff --git a/scripts/macview-bench.py b/scripts/macview-bench.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4f65307
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/macview-bench.py
@@ -0,0 +1,815 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Benchmark "Mac in the headset" on the real Frame, so every change to the
+stream is judged by numbers (docs/mac-in-headset.md, "Measuring").
+
+  scripts/macview-bench.py run [--scenario test,scroll,type] [--net 8] [--label x]
+  scripts/macview-bench.py compare bench/results/A.json bench/results/B.json
+  scripts/macview-bench.py ab --arm off:FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ADAPT=0 --arm on: --repeat 3 --scenario scroll
+
+`run` uses the lab agent (mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh serve), which has
+Screen Recording and Accessibility. It opens a viewer on the Frame the way
+Frame Control does, drives a fixed scenario, and reads the agent's per-frame
+records: when the Mac composited each frame, when it was encoded and sent,
+and when the viewer received, decoded and drew it (the viewer's clock is
+synced to the Mac's). "content" is Mac composited -> drawn in the viewer;
+what the Frame's compositor adds after that is reported ("present",
+"fps_shown") but not graded, because an unworn Frame throttles panels to
+36 fps (15 in standby) after a few seconds whatever they draw. It writes a summary to bench/results/ and exits 1 if a
+target is missed ("bad"), or if --baseline is given and a key number got
+more than 10% worse.
+
+Wi-Fi changes from minute to minute, so single runs taken at different times
+can differ by more than a change does. `ab` restarts the lab agent with each
+arm's settings (environment variables read by the agent), runs the arms
+interleaved, and prints each metric's median and range per arm.
+
+Nobody needs to wear the headset. The scroll and type scenarios open a
+throwaway Chrome window (its own profile in /tmp) on the Mac.
+
+Network conditions come from a relay on the Mac between the agent and the
+tunnel, so they need no sudo:
+  --net 8                8 Mbit/s the whole run
+  --net 50@0,8@10,50@20  50 Mbit/s, 8 from 10 s, back to 50 from 20 s
+  --delay 30             30 ms more one-way delay
+The relay holds at most --buffer ms of data at the current rate (default
+250 ms, like a bloated Wi-Fi queue), then pushes back on the agent.
+
+Stdlib only.
+"""
+import argparse
+import asyncio
+import datetime
+import json
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import statistics
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import urllib.request
+from pathlib import Path
+from urllib.parse import quote, urlencode  # %20, not +: the agent's URLComponents keeps +
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+sys.path.insert(0, str(ROOT / "ui"))
+import frame_macview  # noqa: E402
+
+RESULTS = ROOT / "bench" / "results"
+PAGES = ROOT / "bench" / "pages"
+CHROME = "/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome"
+CHROME_PROFILE = "/tmp/fmv-bench-chrome"
+LAB_DIR = Path.home() / "Library" / "Caches" / "frame-mac-view-lab"  # lab.sh serve
+
+# The acceptance bar (the handoff's targets): (feels local, acceptable) per
+# metric; worse than acceptable is "bad". Latencies in ms.
+TARGETS = {
+    "content_p50": (25, 60), "content_p95": (40, 100),
+    "input_p50": (50, 100), "input_p95": (70, 150),
+    "fps": (58, 45),  # higher is better
+    "late_pct": (1, 5), "stall_max": (100, 250),
+    "adapt_s": (1, 3),
+}
+HIGHER_IS_BETTER = {"fps"}
+# Content that changes every frame, so fps and stalls mean something.
+MOVING = {"test", "scroll"}
+
+
+def ms(a, b):
+    return (b - a) / 1000 if a and b else None
+
+
+def pct(values, p):
+    v = sorted(x for x in values if x is not None)
+    if not v:
+        return None
+    return round(v[min(len(v) - 1, max(0, round(p * (len(v) - 1))))], 1)
+
+
+def dist(values):
+    v = [x for x in values if x is not None]
+    return {"p50": pct(v, 0.5), "p95": pct(v, 0.95), "p99": pct(v, 0.99), "n": len(v)} if v else {"n": 0}
+
+
+# ---- the network relay ----
+
+class Relay:
+    """Agent <-> tunnel, shaping the agent-to-Frame direction: a bottleneck
+    of `rate` Mbit/s with a queue of `buffer_ms`, plus `delay` ms each way."""
+
+    def __init__(self, target_port, schedule, delay_ms=0, buffer_ms=250):
+        self.target_port = target_port
+        self.schedule = schedule  # [(seconds from start, Mbit/s or None)]
+        self.delay = delay_ms / 1000
+        self.buffer_ms = buffer_ms
+        self.rate = schedule[0][1] if schedule else None
+        self.next_free = 0.0
+        self.port = None
+        self.loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
+        # Connections reset when a run tears the tunnel down; that's expected.
+        self.loop.set_exception_handler(lambda loop, ctx: None if isinstance(ctx.get("exception"), ConnectionError)
+                                        else loop.default_exception_handler(ctx))
+        self.started = None
+        self.queued_max = 0
+
+    def start(self):
+        ready = threading.Event()
+
+        def run():
+            asyncio.set_event_loop(self.loop)
+            server = self.loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.start_server(self._client, "127.0.0.1", 0))
+            self.port = server.sockets[0].getsockname()[1]
+            ready.set()
+            self.loop.run_forever()
+
+        threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
+        ready.wait(5)
+
+    def begin(self):
+        """Start the schedule's clock (when the measured part begins)."""
+        self.started = time.monotonic()
+        for at, rate in self.schedule:
+            self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.loop.call_later, at, self._set_rate, rate)
+
+    def _set_rate(self, rate):
+        self.rate = rate
+
+    def rate_at(self, t):
+        r = None
+        for at, rate in self.schedule:
+            if t >= at:
+                r = rate
+        return r
+
+    async def _client(self, reader, writer):
+        try:
+            up_r, up_w = await asyncio.open_connection("127.0.0.1", self.target_port)
+        except OSError:
+            writer.close()
+            return
+        await asyncio.gather(self._shaped(up_r, writer), self._plain(reader, up_w), return_exceptions=True)
+        for w in (writer, up_w):
+            w.close()
+
+    async def _plain(self, reader, writer):  # Frame -> agent: delay only
+        while data := await reader.read(65536):
+            if self.delay:
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.delay)
+            writer.write(data)
+            await writer.drain()
+        writer.close()
+
+    async def _shaped(self, reader, writer):  # agent -> Frame
+        queue = asyncio.Queue()
+        state = {"bytes": 0}
+        room = asyncio.Event()
+        room.set()
+
+        async def send():
+            while True:
+                at, data = await queue.get()
+                if data is None:
+                    return
+                wait = at - self.loop.time()
+                if wait > 0:
+                    await asyncio.sleep(wait)
+                writer.write(data)
+                await writer.drain()
+                state["bytes"] -= len(data)
+                room.set()
+
+        sender = asyncio.ensure_future(send())
+        while data := await reader.read(16384):
+            now = self.loop.time()
+            depart = now
+            if self.rate:
+                depart = max(now, self.next_free) + len(data) * 8 / (self.rate * 1e6)
+                self.next_free = depart
+            state["bytes"] += len(data)
+            self.queued_max = max(self.queued_max, state["bytes"])
+            await queue.put((depart + self.delay, data))
+            # A full queue pushes back, as a real bottleneck's buffer does.
+            while self.rate and state["bytes"] > self.rate * 1e6 / 8 * self.buffer_ms / 1000:
+                room.clear()
+                await room.wait()
+        await queue.put((0, None))
+        await sender
+
+
+# ---- the lab agent, through Frame Control's own code ----
+
+class LabView(frame_macview.MacView):
+    """MacView against the already-running lab agent, with the tunnel
+    pointing at `tunnel_port` (the relay, or the agent itself)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tunnel_ssh, run, frame, agent_port, token, tunnel_port):
+        super().__init__(tunnel_ssh, run, frame)
+        self.agent_port = agent_port
+        self.token = token
+        self.port = tunnel_port
+
+        class Alive:
+            def poll(self):
+                return None
+
+        self.agent = Alive()
+
+    def ensure_agent(self):
+        pass
+
+    def call(self, path, method="GET", **query):
+        url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{self.agent_port}{path}?{urlencode({**query, 'k': self.token}, quote_via=quote)}"
+        req = urllib.request.Request(url, method=method, data=b"" if method == "POST" else None)
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=15) as r:
+            return json.load(r)
+
+
+def ssh_runner(base):
+    def run(remote, stdin=None, timeout=30):
+        r = subprocess.run([*base, remote], input=stdin, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=timeout)
+        if r.returncode:
+            e = RuntimeError((r.stderr or r.stdout).strip())
+            e.stdout = r.stdout
+            raise e
+        return r.stdout
+    return run
+
+
+# ---- CPU on both ends ----
+
+FRAME_CPU = r"""
+hz=$(getconf CLK_TCK)
+while :; do
+  t=$(date +%s.%N)
+  for g in viewer:frame-control/mac-view tailscaled:tailscaled sshd:'^sshd' gamescope:'^gamescope'; do
+    name=${g%%:*} pat=${g#*:} sum=0
+    for p in $(pgrep -f "$pat"); do
+      s=$(awk '{print $14+$15}' /proc/$p/stat 2>/dev/null) && sum=$((sum + s))
+    done
+    echo "$t $name $sum $hz"
+  done
+  echo "$t total $(awk '/^cpu /{print $2+$3+$4+$6+$7+$8}' /proc/stat) $hz"
+  sleep 2
+done
+"""
+
+
+class CpuSampler:
+    def __init__(self, frame_ssh, agent_pid):
+        self.agent_pid = agent_pid
+        self.mac = []  # (t, cpu seconds)
+        self.frame = {}  # name -> [(t, ticks, hz)]
+        self.proc = subprocess.Popen([*frame_ssh, "bash -s"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                     stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, text=True)
+        self.proc.stdin.write(FRAME_CPU)
+        self.proc.stdin.close()
+        threading.Thread(target=self._read, daemon=True).start()
+        self.stop_flag = False
+        threading.Thread(target=self._mac, daemon=True).start()
+
+    def _read(self):
+        for line in self.proc.stdout:
+            parts = line.split()
+            if len(parts) == 4:
+                self.frame.setdefault(parts[1], []).append((float(parts[0]), int(parts[2]), int(parts[3])))
+
+    def _mac(self):
+        while not self.stop_flag:
+            out = subprocess.run(["ps", "-o", "cputime=", "-p", str(self.agent_pid)], capture_output=True,
+                                 text=True).stdout.strip()
+            m = re.match(r"(?:(\d+):)?(\d+):(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)", out)
+            if m:
+                h, mnt, s = m.groups()
+                self.mac.append((time.monotonic(), int(h or 0) * 3600 + int(mnt) * 60 + float(s)))
+            time.sleep(2)
+
+    def stop(self):
+        self.stop_flag = True
+        self.proc.terminate()
+
+    def summary(self):
+        def rate(samples):
+            if len(samples) < 2:
+                return None
+            (t0, a0, *h0), (t1, a1, *_) = samples[0], samples[-1]
+            hz = h0[0] if h0 else 1
+            return round((a1 - a0) / hz / (t1 - t0) * 100, 1)
+        out = {"mac_agent_pct": rate(self.mac)}
+        for name, s in self.frame.items():
+            out[f"frame_{name}_pct"] = rate(s)
+        if "frame_total_pct" in out and out["frame_total_pct"] is not None:
+            out["frame_total_pct"] = round(out["frame_total_pct"] / 8, 1)  # 8 cores -> share of the whole
+        return out
+
+
+# ---- scenarios ----
+
+def chrome_window(page, size=(1280, 820)):
+    """Opens a page in a throwaway Chrome app window; returns (proc, title)."""
+    if not Path(CHROME).exists():
+        raise SystemExit("Google Chrome is needed for the scroll and type scenarios.")
+    proc = subprocess.Popen([CHROME, f"--user-data-dir={CHROME_PROFILE}", "--no-first-run",
+                             "--no-default-browser-check", f"--window-size={size[0]},{size[1]}",
+                             "--window-position=80,80", f"--app=file://{PAGES / page}"],
+                            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+    return proc
+
+
+def find_window(mv, title, timeout=15):
+    end = time.time() + timeout
+    while time.time() < end:
+        for w in mv.call("/windows").get("windows", []):
+            if title in (w.get("title") or ""):
+                return w
+        time.sleep(0.5)
+    raise SystemExit(f"window {title!r} didn't appear")
+
+
+def git(*a):
+    return subprocess.run(["git", *a], cwd=ROOT, capture_output=True, text=True).stdout.strip()
+
+
+def parse_schedule(net):
+    if not net or net == "none":
+        return []
+    out = []
+    for part in net.split(","):
+        rate, _, at = part.partition("@")
+        out.append((float(at or 0), None if rate in ("", "none", "0") else float(rate)))
+    return sorted(out)
+
+
+def run_scenario(args, scenario, agent_port, token, frame_ssh):
+    schedule = parse_schedule(args.net)
+    relay = None
+    tunnel_port = agent_port
+    if schedule or args.delay:
+        relay = Relay(agent_port, schedule, args.delay, args.buffer)
+        relay.start()
+        tunnel_port = relay.port
+    tunnel_ssh = list(frame_ssh[:-1]) + args.ssh_opt
+    mv = LabView(tunnel_ssh, ssh_runner(frame_ssh), frame_ssh[-1], agent_port, token, tunnel_port)
+    if args.browser_flag is not None:
+        mv.browser_flags = [f for f in args.browser_flag if f]
+    chrome = None
+    src = "test"
+    try:
+        if scenario in ("scroll", "type"):
+            chrome = chrome_window(f"{scenario}.html")
+            w = find_window(mv, f"fmv-bench {scenario}")
+            src = f"{args.mode}:{w['id']}"
+        t = time.time()
+        shown = mv.show(src, args.quality, 1280, 820)
+        show_s = round(time.time() - t, 2)
+        # Wait for frames, then measure from a clean start.
+        stream = None
+        end = time.time() + 20
+        while time.time() < end and not stream:
+            for s in mv.call("/status").get("streams", []):
+                if s["src"] == src and s.get("stats", {}).get("fps", 0) > 0:
+                    stream = s
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+        if not stream:
+            raise SystemExit(f"{scenario}: no frames reached the viewer within 20 s")
+        time.sleep(args.warmup)
+        first = mv.call("/stats", id=stream["id"], settle=0)["streams"][0]
+        since = max([f["s"] for f in first["frames"]] or [0])
+        captured_before = first["captured"]
+        start_mac_us = mv.call("/stats", id=stream["id"])["now"]
+        agent_pid = int(subprocess.run(["pgrep", "-f", "Frame Mac View Lab.app/Contents/MacOS/frame-mac-view"],
+                                       capture_output=True, text=True).stdout.split()[0])
+        cpu = CpuSampler(frame_ssh, agent_pid)
+        if relay:
+            relay.begin()
+        expected = 0  # input events the harness asked the viewer for
+        if scenario == "type":
+            mv.call("/bench", method="POST", src=src, action="click", x=0.5, y=0.3)
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            # Steady typing, then slow typing that lets the link go idle.
+            fast = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "
+            n_fast = max(10, int((args.duration * 0.6) / 0.2))
+            mv.call("/bench", method="POST", src=src, action="type", text=(fast * (n_fast // len(fast) + 1))[:n_fast],
+                    interval=200)
+            expected += n_fast
+            time.sleep(n_fast * 0.2 + 0.5)
+            slow_n = max(3, int(args.duration * 0.4 / 1.5))
+            mv.call("/bench", method="POST", src=src, action="type", text=("idle typing test " * (slow_n // 17 + 1))[:slow_n],
+                    interval=1500)
+            expected += slow_n
+            time.sleep(slow_n * 1.5 + 0.5)
+        else:
+            # Clicks on the test pattern measure the input path; the scroll
+            # page just scrolls.
+            end = time.time() + args.duration
+            while time.time() < end:
+                if scenario == "test":
+                    mv.call("/bench", method="POST", src=src, action="click", x=0.3, y=0.5)
+                    expected += 1
+                time.sleep(0.5)
+        at_end = mv.call("/stats", id=stream["id"], since=2**32 - 1)
+        end_mac_us = at_end["now"]
+        captured_end = at_end["streams"][0]["captured"] if at_end["streams"] else None
+        time.sleep(2)  # let the viewer report the last frames
+        streams = mv.call("/stats", id=stream["id"], since=since)["streams"]
+        if not streams:
+            raise SystemExit(f"{scenario}: the stream ended during the run (did the Frame go to sleep?)")
+        data = streams[0]
+        cpu.stop()
+        if args.raw:
+            Path(f"{args.raw}-{scenario}.json").write_text(json.dumps(data))
+        result = summarize(scenario, data, start_mac_us, end_mac_us, args, relay, schedule, expected)
+        result["controller"] = data.get("controller", {})
+        result["events"] = [{"t": round((e["t"] - start_mac_us) / 1e6, 2), "e": e["e"]}
+                            for e in data.get("events", []) if e["t"] >= start_mac_us]
+        result["captured"] = (captured_end if captured_end is not None else data["captured"]) - captured_before
+        result["source_fps"] = round(result["captured"] / max(result["duration_s"], 1), 1)
+        result["cpu"] = cpu.summary()
+        result["viewer"] = data["summary"].get("decoder", "")
+        result["show_s"] = show_s
+        result["panel"] = shown.get("panel")
+        result["src"] = src
+        return result
+    finally:
+        try:
+            mv.stop(src)
+        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 - best effort
+            pass
+        mv.closing = True  # or its supervisor reopens the tunnel
+        if mv.tunnel and mv.tunnel.poll() is None:
+            mv.tunnel.terminate()
+            mv.tunnel.wait(5)
+        if relay:
+            relay.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(relay.loop.stop)
+        if chrome:
+            chrome.terminate()
+        time.sleep(1.5)
+
+
+def composited(f):
+    """When the Mac had the frame: its display time, or when ScreenCaptureKit
+    handed it over if that was earlier (display time can be a few ms ahead of
+    delivery, which would make latency look lower than it is)."""
+    return min(f["cap"], f["arr"]) if f["arr"] else f["cap"]
+
+
+def summarize(scenario, data, start_us, end_us, args, relay, schedule, expected=0):
+    frames = [f for f in data["frames"] if start_us <= f["cap"] <= end_us]
+    inputs = [i for i in data["inputs"] if i["tv"] and i["tv"] >= start_us]
+    by_seq = {f["s"]: f for f in data["frames"]}
+    drawn = [f for f in frames if f["drw"]]
+    shown = [f for f in frames if f["vs"]]
+    # The whole measured interval, so a stall at either end still counts.
+    duration = (end_us - start_us) / 1e6
+    stages = {
+        "capture": [ms(f["cap"], f["arr"]) for f in frames],
+        "queue": [ms(f["arr"], f["e0"]) for f in frames],
+        "encode": [ms(f["e0"], f["e1"]) for f in frames],
+        "socket": [ms(f["snd"], f["wire"]) for f in frames],
+        "network": [ms(f["e1"], f["rx"]) for f in frames],
+        "decode": [ms(f["rx"], f["dec"]) for f in frames],
+        "draw": [ms(f["dec"], f["drw"]) for f in frames],
+        # Waiting for the browser's next frame: set by the Frame's compositor,
+        # which throttles panels nobody is looking at (see "Measuring").
+        "present": [ms(f["drw"], f["vs"]) for f in frames],
+        "content": [ms(composited(f), f["drw"]) for f in frames],
+        "content_shown": [ms(composited(f), f["vs"]) for f in frames],
+    }
+    out = {"scenario": scenario, "frames_sent": len(frames), "frames_drawn": len(drawn),
+           "frames_shown": len(shown), "duration_s": round(duration, 1)}
+    out["stages_ms"] = {k: dist(v) for k, v in stages.items()}
+    # Smoothness: gaps between frames reaching the viewer's canvas.
+    # Smoothness counts only what was drawn inside the interval; a frame
+    # captured just before the end but drawn after it still counts for latency.
+    dr = [start_us] + sorted(f["drw"] for f in drawn if f["drw"] <= end_us) + [end_us]
+    gaps = [(b - a) / 1000 for a, b in zip(dr, dr[1:]) if b > a]
+    target_fps = frame_macview.QUALITY[args.quality]["fps"]
+    out["fps"] = round(sum(f["drw"] <= end_us for f in drawn) / duration, 1) if duration else 0
+    out["fps_shown"] = round(sum(0 < f["vs"] <= end_us for f in shown) / duration, 1) if duration else 0
+    out["late_pct"] = round(100 * sum(g > 1.5 * 1000 / target_fps for g in gaps) / len(gaps), 2) if gaps else None
+    out["stall_max"] = round(max(gaps), 1) if gaps else None
+    out["stalls_over_100ms"] = sum(g > 100 for g in gaps)
+    out["mbps"] = round(sum(f["b"] for f in frames) * 8 / duration / 1e6, 2) if duration else 0
+    out["keyframes"] = sum(f["k"] for f in frames)
+    out["size"] = f"{frames[-1]['w']}x{frames[-1]['h']}" if frames else ""
+    out["captured"] = data.get("captured")
+    out["viewer_never_drawn"] = len(frames) - len(drawn)
+    # Input: the viewer's event -> the first frame after it drawn (and shown).
+    lat, lat_shown = [], []
+    parts = {"uplink": [], "mac": [], "back": []}
+    for i in inputs:
+        f = by_seq.get(i["frame"])
+        if f and f["drw"]:
+            lat.append(ms(i["tv"], f["drw"]))
+            lat_shown.append(ms(i["tv"], f["vs"]))
+            parts["uplink"].append(ms(i["tv"], i["inj"]))
+            parts["mac"].append(ms(i["inj"], composited(f)))
+            parts["back"].append(ms(composited(f), f["drw"]))
+    out["input_ms"] = dist(lat)
+    out["input_shown_ms"] = dist(lat_shown)
+    out["input_parts_ms"] = {k: dist(v) for k, v in parts.items()}
+    out["inputs"] = {"asked": expected, "sent": len(inputs), "seen": len(lat)}
+    # A per-second timeline, for adaptation.
+    timeline = []
+    t0 = start_us
+    for sec in range(int(duration) + 1):
+        a, b = t0 + sec * 1_000_000, t0 + (sec + 1) * 1_000_000
+        fs = [f for f in frames if a <= f["cap"] < b]
+        if not fs:
+            continue
+        timeline.append({
+            "t": sec, "fps": sum(1 for f in fs if f["drw"]), "mbps": round(sum(f["b"] for f in fs) * 8 / 1e6, 2),
+            "content_p50": pct([ms(composited(f), f["drw"]) for f in fs], 0.5),
+            "content_p95": pct([ms(composited(f), f["drw"]) for f in fs], 0.95),
+            "bitrate": fs[-1].get("br"), "tier": fs[-1].get("tier"), "w": fs[-1]["w"],
+            "net": relay.rate_at(sec) if relay else None,
+        })
+    out["timeline"] = timeline
+    out["adapt"] = adaptation(timeline, schedule, duration)
+    out["content_p50"] = out["stages_ms"]["content"].get("p50")
+    out["content_p95"] = out["stages_ms"]["content"].get("p95")
+    out["input_p50"] = out["input_ms"].get("p50")
+    out["input_p95"] = out["input_ms"].get("p95")
+    out["grades"] = grade(out, scenario, args.quality)
+    return out
+
+
+def adaptation(timeline, schedule, duration=float("inf")):
+    """After each drop in the link's rate: how long until latency was within
+    bounds again and stayed there for 3 s. The bound is the acceptable p95
+    (100 ms), or 1.5 times the p95 before the drop if that was higher: on a
+    slower link each frame takes longer to send, so latency can't return to
+    what it was on the fast one."""
+    steps = []
+    for n, ((at, rate), (_, before)) in enumerate(zip(schedule[1:], schedule)):
+        # Settling must happen while this rate lasts, not after the link recovers.
+        until = min(schedule[n + 2][0] if n + 2 < len(schedule) else float("inf"), duration)  # or the run ends
+        if before is not None and (rate is None or rate >= before):
+            continue
+        pre = [s["content_p95"] for s in timeline if at - 4 <= s["t"] < at and s["content_p95"]]
+        base = max(float(TARGETS["content_p95"][1]), 1.5 * statistics.median(pre) if pre else 0)
+        after = [s for s in timeline if s["t"] >= at]
+        worst = max([s["content_p95"] or 0 for s in after[:10]] or [0])
+        settled = None
+        for i, s in enumerate(after):
+            window = after[i:i + 3]
+            # Three populated seconds in a row: a second with no frames at all
+            # is a stall, not a pass.
+            if (len(window) == 3 and [w["t"] for w in window] == [s["t"], s["t"] + 1, s["t"] + 2] and s["t"] + 3 <= until
+                    and all((w["content_p95"] or 1e9) <= base for w in window)):
+                settled = s["t"] - at
+                break
+        steps.append({"at": at, "to_mbit": rate, "p95_bound": round(base, 1), "worst_p95": worst,
+                      "settled_s": settled})
+    return steps
+
+
+def grade(out, scenario, quality="balanced"):
+    g = {}
+    checks = ["content_p50", "content_p95"]
+    asked = max(out["inputs"].get("asked", 0), out["inputs"]["sent"])
+    if asked:
+        checks += ["input_p50", "input_p95"]
+        # Input that never reaches the Mac, or never shows up on screen, is a
+        # failure, not a gap in the data.
+        seen = out["inputs"]["seen"] / asked
+        g["input_replies"] = "local" if seen >= 0.95 else "acceptable" if seen >= 0.8 else "bad"
+    if scenario in MOVING:
+        checks += ["fps", "late_pct", "stall_max"]
+    for k in checks:
+        v = out.get(k)
+        if v is None:
+            g[k] = "missing"
+            continue
+        good, ok = TARGETS[k]
+        if k == "fps":  # the targets are for 60 fps; Light and Compatible ask for fewer
+            want = frame_macview.QUALITY[quality]["fps"]
+            good, ok = good * want / 60, ok * want / 60
+        if k in HIGHER_IS_BETTER:
+            g[k] = "local" if v >= good else "acceptable" if v >= ok else "bad"
+        else:
+            g[k] = "local" if v <= good else "acceptable" if v <= ok else "bad"
+    for step in out["adapt"]:
+        s = step["settled_s"]
+        good, ok = TARGETS["adapt_s"]
+        g[f"adapt@{step['at']:g}s"] = "bad" if s is None or s > ok else "local" if s <= good else "acceptable"
+    return g
+
+
+# ---- compare ----
+
+KEYS = [("content_p50", "content p50 ms"), ("content_p95", "content p95 ms"), ("input_p50", "input p50 ms"),
+        ("input_p95", "input p95 ms"), ("fps", "fps"), ("late_pct", "late %"), ("stall_max", "max gap ms"),
+        ("fps_shown", "fps shown"), ("mbps", "Mbit/s")]
+STAGE_KEYS = ["capture", "queue", "encode", "socket", "network", "decode", "draw", "present"]
+
+
+def load(path):
+    return json.loads(Path(path).read_text())
+
+
+def compare(a, b, threshold=0.10):
+    """Prints before/after per scenario; returns the regressions."""
+    regressions = []
+    print(f"A: {a['label']} ({a['commit']}, {a['date']})\nB: {b['label']} ({b['commit']}, {b['date']})")
+    for sc in b["scenarios"]:
+        ra = next((x for x in a["scenarios"] if x["scenario"] == sc["scenario"]), None)
+        if not ra:
+            continue
+        print(f"\n{sc['scenario']:<10} {'A':>10} {'B':>10} {'change':>9}")
+        rows = [(k, n, ra.get(k), sc.get(k)) for k, n in KEYS]
+        rows += [(f"stage.{s}", f"  {s} p50", ra["stages_ms"].get(s, {}).get("p50"), sc["stages_ms"].get(s, {}).get("p50"))
+                 for s in STAGE_KEYS]
+        for k, name, va, vb in rows:
+            change = ""
+            if isinstance(va, (int, float)) and isinstance(vb, (int, float)) and va:
+                d = (vb - va) / abs(va)
+                change = f"{d:+.0%}"
+                worse = d < -threshold if k == "fps" else d > threshold
+                if worse and k in ("content_p50", "content_p95", "input_p50", "input_p95", "fps") and abs(vb - va) > 2:
+                    regressions.append(f"{sc['scenario']} {name}: {va} -> {vb}")
+                    change += " worse"
+            print(f"{name:<18} {fmt(va):>10} {fmt(vb):>10} {change:>9}")
+    return regressions
+
+
+def fmt(v):
+    return "–" if v is None else f"{v:g}" if isinstance(v, (int, float)) else str(v)
+
+
+# ---- main ----
+
+def add_run_args(r):
+    r.add_argument("--scenario", default="test,scroll,type")
+    r.add_argument("--duration", type=float, default=20)
+    r.add_argument("--warmup", type=float, default=3)
+    r.add_argument("--quality", default="balanced", choices=list(frame_macview.QUALITY))
+    r.add_argument("--mode", default="separate", choices=["separate", "window"], help="how Mac windows are shown")
+    r.add_argument("--net", default="", help="Mbit/s, or a schedule like 50@0,8@10,50@20")
+    r.add_argument("--delay", type=float, default=0, help="extra one-way delay, ms")
+    r.add_argument("--buffer", type=float, default=250, help="bottleneck queue, ms at the current rate")
+    r.add_argument("--frame", default="frame", help="ssh host of the Frame")
+    r.add_argument("--host", default="", help="connect to this address instead (e.g. the Frame's LAN IP)")
+    r.add_argument("--ssh-opt", action="append", default=[], help="extra ssh option for the tunnel, e.g. -oIPQoS=ef")
+    r.add_argument("--browser-flag", action="append", default=None,
+                   help="Chromium flag for the viewer (replaces Frame Control's defaults; '' for none)")
+    r.add_argument("--label", default="")
+    r.add_argument("--out", default="")
+    r.add_argument("--raw", default="", help="also write the agent's raw records here")
+
+
+def lab_agent():
+    try:
+        agent_port = int((LAB_DIR / "port").read_text())
+        token = (LAB_DIR / "token").read_text().strip()
+        urllib.request.urlopen(f"http://127.0.0.1:{agent_port}/ping", timeout=3)
+        return agent_port, token
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        raise SystemExit("Start the lab agent first: mac/frame-mac-view/lab.sh serve")
+
+
+def restart_lab(env):
+    """The lab agent again, without rebuilding, with these experiment switches."""
+    subprocess.run(["sh", str(ROOT / "mac" / "frame-mac-view" / "lab.sh"), "serve-only"],
+                   env={**os.environ, **env}, check=True, capture_output=True)
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+
+def frame_ssh_for(args):
+    frame_ssh = ["ssh", "-o", "BatchMode=yes"]
+    if args.host:
+        # Another address for the same Frame: its host key must still match.
+        alias = next((line.split()[1] for line in subprocess.run(["ssh", "-G", args.frame], capture_output=True,
+                      text=True).stdout.splitlines() if line.startswith("hostname ")), args.frame)
+        frame_ssh += ["-o", f"HostName={args.host}", "-o", f"HostKeyAlias={alias}"]
+    frame_ssh.append(args.frame)
+    return frame_ssh
+
+
+def run_suite(args, frame_ssh, quiet=False):
+    agent_port, token = lab_agent()
+    results = []
+    for sc in args.scenario.split(","):
+        if not quiet:
+            print(f"-- {sc} ...", flush=True)
+        res = run_scenario(args, sc, agent_port, token, frame_ssh)
+        if not quiet:
+            print(f"   content p50/p95 {res['content_p50']}/{res['content_p95']} ms, input p50/p95 "
+                  f"{res['input_p50']}/{res['input_p95']} ms, {res['fps']} fps (shown {res['fps_shown']}), "
+                  f"late {res['late_pct']}%, max gap {res['stall_max']} ms, {res['mbps']} Mbit/s, {res['size']}",
+                  flush=True)
+            print(f"   stages p50: " + ", ".join(f"{k} {v.get('p50')}" for k, v in res["stages_ms"].items()), flush=True)
+            print(f"   grades: {res['grades']}  cpu: {res['cpu']}\n   viewer: {res['viewer']}", flush=True)
+            for e in res["events"][:12]:
+                print(f"   {e['t']:6.2f}s {e['e']}", flush=True)
+        results.append(res)
+    return results
+
+
+def document(args, frame_ssh, results, **extra):
+    build = subprocess.run([*frame_ssh, "grep -m1 BUILD_ID /etc/os-release"], capture_output=True, text=True).stdout
+    # Whether the headset is in standby (it throttles panels even harder then).
+    standby = subprocess.run([*frame_ssh, "grep -h standby ~/.local/share/Steam/logs/vrserver.txt | tail -n 1"],
+                             capture_output=True, text=True).stdout.strip()
+    commit = git("rev-parse", "--short", "HEAD") + ("+dirty" if git("status", "--porcelain", "--", "mac", "ui") else "")
+    return {
+        "label": args.label or args.cmd, "date": datetime.datetime.now().isoformat(timespec="seconds"), "commit": commit,
+        "config": {"quality": args.quality, "mode": args.mode, "net": args.net or "none", "delay_ms": args.delay,
+                   "buffer_ms": args.buffer, "host": args.host or args.frame, "ssh_opts": args.ssh_opt,
+                   "encoder": os.environ.get("FRAME_MAC_VIEW_ENCODER", ""), "duration_s": args.duration,
+                   "browser_flags": args.browser_flag if args.browser_flag is not None else frame_macview.BROWSER_FLAGS},
+        "frame_build": build.strip().partition("=")[2], "mac": platform.mac_ver()[0], "headset": standby[-40:],
+        "scenarios": results, **extra,
+    }
+
+
+def write(doc, args):
+    RESULTS.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    name = f"{doc['date'][:10]}-{doc['commit'].replace('+', '-')}-{re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+', '-', doc['label'])}.json"
+    out = Path(args.out) if args.out else RESULTS / name
+    out.write_text(json.dumps(doc, indent=1))
+    print(f"wrote {out}")
+    return out
+
+
+AB_KEYS = ["content_p50", "content_p95", "input_p50", "input_p95", "fps", "late_pct", "stall_max", "mbps"]
+
+
+def ab(args, frame_ssh):
+    """Arms interleaved (A B, B A, ...) so a Wi-Fi link that changes over
+    minutes affects both alike; medians and ranges per arm."""
+    arms = []
+    for a in args.arm:
+        name, _, envs = a.partition(":")
+        arms.append((name, dict(e.split("=", 1) for e in envs.split(",") if e)))
+    runs = {name: [] for name, _ in arms}
+    for rep in range(args.repeat):
+        for name, env in (arms if rep % 2 == 0 else arms[::-1]):
+            print(f"-- repeat {rep + 1}, arm {name} {env}", flush=True)
+            restart_lab(env)
+            runs[name].append(run_suite(args, frame_ssh, quiet=True))
+    table = {}
+    for sc in args.scenario.split(","):
+        print(f"\n{sc:<14}" + "".join(f"{name:>26}" for name, _ in arms))
+        for k in AB_KEYS:
+            row = []
+            for name, _ in arms:
+                vals = [r[k] for suite in runs[name] for r in suite if r["scenario"] == sc and r.get(k) is not None]
+                table.setdefault(sc, {}).setdefault(k, {})[name] = vals
+                row.append(f"{statistics.median(vals):g} ({min(vals):g}-{max(vals):g})" if vals else "–")
+            print(f"{k:<14}" + "".join(f"{c:>26}" for c in row))
+    restart_lab({})  # back to the defaults
+    return runs, table
+
+
+def main():
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
+    sub = p.add_subparsers(dest="cmd", required=True)
+    r = sub.add_parser("run")
+    add_run_args(r)
+    r.add_argument("--baseline", default="", help="fail on >10%% regressions against this result")
+    a = sub.add_parser("ab", help="compare lab-agent settings, interleaved: --arm name:ENV=V,ENV2=V ...")
+    add_run_args(a)
+    a.add_argument("--arm", action="append", required=True)
+    a.add_argument("--repeat", type=int, default=3)
+    c = sub.add_parser("compare")
+    c.add_argument("a")
+    c.add_argument("b")
+    args = p.parse_args()
+    # The agent keeps the last 4096 frames (Stats.swift) and results are read
+    # at the end: at 60 fps that's 68 s, less warm-up and the reporting wait.
+    if args.cmd != "compare" and args.warmup + args.duration > 60:
+        p.error("--warmup plus --duration can be at most 60 s (the agent keeps 4096 frames)")
+
+    if args.cmd == "compare":
+        regs = compare(load(args.a), load(args.b))
+        if regs:
+            print("\nworse:\n  " + "\n  ".join(regs))
+        sys.exit(1 if regs else 0)
+
+    lab_agent()
+    frame_ssh = frame_ssh_for(args)
+    # Keep the Mac's screen awake: virtual displays aren't removed while it sleeps.
+    runs = 1 if args.cmd == "run" else args.repeat * len(args.arm)
+    awake = subprocess.Popen(["caffeinate", "-d", "-u", "-t", str(int(runs * (args.duration * 4 + 60) + 120))])
+    try:
+        if args.cmd == "ab":
+            arm_runs, table = ab(args, frame_ssh)
+            write(document(args, frame_ssh, [], arms=args.arm, runs=arm_runs, table=table), args)
+            return
+        results = run_suite(args, frame_ssh)
+    finally:
+        awake.terminate()
+    doc = document(args, frame_ssh, results)
+    write(doc, args)
+    bad = [f"{r['scenario']} {k}" for r in results for k, v in r["grades"].items() if v in ("bad", "missing")]
+    regs = compare(load(args.baseline), doc) if args.baseline else []
+    if bad:
+        print("missed targets: " + ", ".join(bad))
+    if regs:
+        print("worse than baseline:\n  " + "\n  ".join(regs))
+    sys.exit(1 if bad or regs else 0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tests/test_macview.py b/tests/test_macview.py
index 1a31ee1..097c44f 100644
--- a/tests/test_macview.py
+++ b/tests/test_macview.py
@@ -68,6 +68,13 @@ class Helpers(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn("Chromium", str(cm.exception))
         self.assertTrue(calls[0].startswith("bash -s -- "))
 
+    def test_separate_windows_need_accessibility(self):
+        mv = frame_macview.MacView(["ssh"], lambda *a, **k: self.fail("no ssh"), "frame")
+        mv.call = lambda path, **kw: {"screen": True, "accessibility": False}
+        with self.assertRaises(frame_macview.MacViewError) as cm:
+            mv.show("separate:42")
+        self.assertIn("Accessibility", str(cm.exception))
+
     def test_screen_permission_is_checked_before_the_headset(self):
         mv = frame_macview.MacView(["ssh"], lambda *a, **k: self.fail("no ssh"), "frame")
         mv.call = lambda path, **kw: {"screen": False}
@@ -162,6 +169,22 @@ class Agent(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(status, 200)
         self.assertIn(b"VideoDecoder", body)
 
+    def test_snapshot_needs_the_key(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.get("/snapshot?display=1")[0], 403)
+
+    def test_separate_without_accessibility_explains(self):
+        if json.loads(self.get(f"/status?k={self.token}")[1])["accessibility"]:
+            self.skipTest("this Mac allows Accessibility here")
+        ws = WS(self.port, f"/stream?k={self.token}&src=separate:1")
+        self.assertEqual(ws.status, 101)
+        for _ in range(5):
+            op, data = ws.recv()
+            msg = json.loads(data) if op == 1 else {}
+            if msg.get("t") in ("error", "closed"):
+                break
+        self.assertIn("Accessibility", msg.get("message", msg.get("reason", "")))
+        ws.close()
+
     def test_lists_displays(self):
         status, body = self.get(f"/displays?k={self.token}")
         self.assertEqual(status, 200)
@@ -242,9 +265,10 @@ class Agent(unittest.TestCase):
                 break
         self.assertEqual(info["src"], "test")
         self.assertTrue(info["input"])
-        # A keyframe: flags, 8-byte timestamp, then Annex B with the SPS first.
-        self.assertEqual(key[9:13], b"\x00\x00\x00\x01")
-        self.assertEqual(key[13] & 0x1F, 7)  # NAL type 7, SPS
+        # A keyframe: flags, 8-byte timestamp, sequence number, input echoed,
+        # then Annex B with the SPS first.
+        self.assertEqual(key[17:21], b"\x00\x00\x00\x01")
+        self.assertEqual(key[21] & 0x1F, 7)  # NAL type 7, SPS
         ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "m", "e": "down", "b": 0, "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5}))
         ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "key-frame"}))
         got_key = False
@@ -260,7 +284,7 @@ class Agent(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(body)["closed"], 1)
         for _ in range(400):
             op, data = ws.recv()
-            if op == 1:
+            if op == 1 and json.loads(data)["t"] == "close":
                 break
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(data)["t"], "close")
         # Without the viewer doing anything, the agent ends the stream itself.
@@ -269,6 +293,54 @@ class Agent(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(body)["streams"], [])
         ws.close()
 
+    def test_timing_reports_and_input_echo(self):
+        # What a viewer does: sync clocks, report each frame, stamp input.
+        ws = WS(self.port, f"/stream?k={self.token}&src=test&codec=h264&fps=30&max=640")
+        self.assertEqual(ws.status, 101)
+        ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "w"}))  # keep-warm filler: ignored
+        ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "ping", "c": 1.5}))
+        pong, echoed, seqs, info = None, None, [], None
+        clicked = False
+        deadline = time.time() + 10
+        while time.time() < deadline and not (pong and echoed):
+            op, data = ws.recv()
+            if op == 1:
+                msg = json.loads(data)
+                if msg["t"] == "error":
+                    self.skipTest("no H.264 encoder here: " + msg["message"])
+                if msg["t"] == "pong":
+                    pong = msg
+                if msg["t"] == "info":
+                    info = msg
+            elif op == 2:
+                seq, echo = struct.unpack(">II", data[9:17])
+                seqs.append(seq)
+                now = pong["a"] if pong else 0
+                ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "rx", "s": seq, "r": now}))
+                ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "fd", "f": [[seq, now + 1, now + 2, now + 3]], "drop": 0}))
+                if echo == 7:
+                    echoed = seq
+                if len(seqs) == 3 and not clicked:
+                    ws.send_text(json.dumps({"t": "m", "e": "down", "b": 0, "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5, "i": 7, "tv": now}))
+                    clicked = True
+        self.assertEqual(pong["c"], 1.5)
+        self.assertGreater(pong["a"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(seqs[:3], sorted(seqs[:3]))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(echoed, "no frame was tagged as the first reply to the click")
+        time.sleep(1.7)  # frames are reported once the viewer has had time
+        stream = json.loads(self.get(f"/stats?k={self.token}")[1])["streams"][0]
+        first = stream["frames"][0]
+        self.assertGreater(first["e1"], first["e0"])
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(first["e0"], first["cap"])
+        self.assertEqual(first["vs"] - first["rx"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual([i["frame"] for i in stream["inputs"] if i["id"] == 7], [echoed])
+        self.assertIn("total", stream["summary"])
+        self.assertEqual(info["warm"], 0)  # off unless FRAME_MAC_VIEW_WARM is set
+        live = json.loads(self.get(f"/status?k={self.token}")[1])["streams"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(live["controller"]["tier"], 0)
+        self.assertIn("fps", live["stats"])
+        ws.close()
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/ui/frame_macview.py b/ui/frame_macview.py
index cf31580..c4fa69b 100644
--- a/ui/frame_macview.py
+++ b/ui/frame_macview.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import urllib.error
 import urllib.request
 import zlib
 from pathlib import Path
-from urllib.parse import urlencode
+from urllib.parse import quote, urlencode  # %20, not +: the agent's URLComponents keeps +
 
 HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
 ROOT = HERE.parent
@@ -48,16 +48,19 @@ QUALITY = {
     "light": {"max": 1280, "fps": 30, "bpp": 0.08, "codec": "h264"},
     "compatible": {"max": 1280, "fps": 20, "bpp": 0.1, "codec": "jpeg"},
 }
+# Extra Chromium flags for viewers (see docs/mac-in-headset.md, "Measuring").
+BROWSER_FLAGS = []
 # Viewer windows are fitted inside a panel's size. gamescope made a 1280x720
 # request 1920x1080 anyway (verified 2026-09-28, build 20260925.6191901).
 PANEL_BOX = (1920, 1080)
 
 # Opens one viewer on gamescope's X display and gives its window its own panel
-# id. Args: appid url width height tag. The page puts "[tag]" in its title at
+# id. Args: appid url width height tag [browser flags...]. The page puts "[tag]" in its title at
 # once, which is how its X window is found (Chromium may hand the URL to an
 # instance that's already running, so there's no process to follow).
 LAUNCH = r"""set -u
 appid=$1 url=$2 w=$3 h=$4 tag=$5
+shift 5
 export DISPLAY=:0 LC_ALL=C.UTF-8
 unset WAYLAND_DISPLAY
 if ! xprop -root GAMESCOPE_FOCUSABLE_WINDOWS >/dev/null 2>&1; then
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ fi
 common=(--ozone-platform=x11 --force-device-scale-factor=1 --no-first-run --no-default-browser-check
   --password-store=basic --disable-session-crashed-bubble --noerrdialogs --disable-infobars
   --disable-features=Translate,MediaRouter --autoplay-policy=no-user-gesture-required
-  "--window-size=$w,$h" "--app=$url")
+  "--window-size=$w,$h" "$@" "--app=$url")
 if [ -x "$HOME/chromium-xr/chrome" ]; then
   cmd=("$HOME/chromium-xr/chrome" "--user-data-dir=$HOME/.local/share/frame-control/mac-view" "${common[@]}")
 elif flatpak info org.chromium.Chromium >/dev/null 2>&1; then
@@ -126,6 +129,7 @@ class MacView:
         self.supervisor = None
         self.closing = False
         self.shown = set()  # sources with a viewer out there, connected or retrying
+        self.browser_flags = list(BROWSER_FLAGS)
 
     # ---- the agent on this Mac ----
 
@@ -187,7 +191,7 @@ class MacView:
     def call(self, path, method="GET", **query):
         """A request to the agent; starts it if needed."""
         self.ensure_agent()
-        url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}{path}?{urlencode({**query, 'k': self.token})}"
+        url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}{path}?{urlencode({**query, 'k': self.token}, quote_via=quote)}"
         req = urllib.request.Request(url, method=method, data=b"" if method == "POST" else None)
         try:
             with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10) as r:
@@ -275,12 +279,15 @@ class MacView:
     # ---- viewers on the Frame ----
 
     def show(self, src, quality="balanced", width=None, height=None):
-        if src != "test" and not (src.startswith("window:") or src.startswith("display:")):
+        if src != "test" and not src.startswith(("window:", "display:", "separate:")):
             raise MacViewError("Pick a window or display to show.")
         q = QUALITY.get(quality) or QUALITY["balanced"]
         state = self.call("/status")
         if src != "test" and not state.get("screen"):
             raise MacViewError("Frame Control needs Screen Recording permission first (Allow… under Mac in the headset).")
+        if src.startswith("separate:") and not state.get("accessibility"):
+            raise MacViewError("A window on its own display needs the Accessibility permission too, to move it "
+                               "(Allow… under Mac in the headset).")
         self.shown -= set(state.get("finished", []))  # their Mac windows closed
         if src in self.shown or any(st.get("src") == src for st in state.get("streams", [])):
             # Showing it again replaces the old viewer, connected or not: this
@@ -300,7 +307,7 @@ class MacView:
                   "bpp": q["bpp"]}
         url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{self.remote_port}/view?{urlencode(params)}"
         w, h = fit(width or 1280, height or 720)
-        args = " ".join(_quote(str(a)) for a in (appid, url, w, h, tag))
+        args = " ".join(_quote(str(a)) for a in (appid, url, w, h, tag, *self.browser_flags))
         try:
             out = self.run("bash -s -- " + args, stdin=LAUNCH, timeout=60)
         except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - the server's Failure carries the Frame's words
@@ -355,6 +362,12 @@ class MacView:
         for proc in (self.tunnel, self.agent):
             if proc and proc.poll() is None:
                 proc.terminate()
+        # The helper puts separated windows back before it exits (about 1 s).
+        if self.agent:
+            try:
+                self.agent.wait(3)
+            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+                self.agent.kill()
 
 
 def _quote(s):
diff --git a/ui/index.html b/ui/index.html
index 73948d6..33dcc4d 100644
--- a/ui/index.html
+++ b/ui/index.html
@@ -314,6 +314,8 @@
   .mv-perm { background: rgba(255,190,60,.08); border: 1px solid rgba(255,190,60,.25); border-radius: 4px; padding: 10px 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px; }
   .mv-perm .row { margin-top: 8px; }
   .mv-live { color: var(--green, #7fd67f); font-size: 12px; }
+  .mv-opt { display: block; font-size: 13px; margin: 0 0 12px; }
+  .mv-opt .sub { display: block; margin-left: 22px; font-size: 12px; }
   .disp select { width: 100%; background: rgba(0,0,0,.28); color: var(--text); border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 3px;
                  padding: 8px 10px; font: inherit; font-size: 13px; }
   .disp select:focus { outline: none; border-color: var(--blue); }
@@ -655,6 +657,8 @@
           <option value="light">Light</option><option value="compatible">Compatible (JPEG)</option>
         </select>
         <button class="small" id="mvRefresh">Refresh</button></div>
+      <label class="mv-opt"><input type="checkbox" id="mvSeparate" checked> Give each window its own display
+        <span class="sub">its menus and sheets come along, nothing covers it, and it goes back when you stop</span></label>
       <div class="mv-perm" id="mvPerm" hidden></div>
       <div class="list" id="mvDisplays"></div>
       <div class="shelf-head" style="margin-top:16px"><h2>Windows</h2><span class="count" id="mvWinCount"></span></div>
@@ -2132,11 +2136,23 @@ $("shotsSaveNew").onclick = e => saveShots(shots.list.filter(s => !s.saved), e.c
 $("shotsFolder").onclick = e => act($("shotsFolder").textContent, () => api("/api/open", { what: "shots" }), e.currentTarget);
 
 // ---- Mac in the headset: windows and displays as panels (ui/frame_macview.py) ----
-let mvSeq = 0;
-function mvRow(src, title, sub, w, h, streaming) {
+let mvSeq = 0, mvTimer = 0;
+// streaming: the src it's shown as (a window may be "separate:<id>"), or "".
+// How a live stream is doing: frames shown, Mac-to-headset delay, bitrate, and
+// whether the network made it step down (fewer frames, then fewer pixels).
+function mvHealth(st) {
+  if (!st) return "";
+  const x = st.stats || {}, c = st.controller || {}, bits = [];
+  if (x.fps) bits.push(`${Math.round(x.fps)} fps`);
+  if (x.total && x.total.p50 != null) bits.push(`${Math.round(x.total.p50)} ms`);
+  if (x.mbps) bits.push(`${x.mbps} Mbit/s`);
+  if (c.tier > 0) bits.push(`weak link: ${c.fps} fps${c.scale < 1 ? `, ${Math.round(c.scale * 100)}% size` : ""}`);
+  return bits.length ? " · " + esc(bits.join(" · ")) : "";
+}
+function mvRow(src, title, sub, w, h, streaming, st) {
   return `<div class="item"><div class="grow"><div class="t">${esc(title)}</div>
-      <div class="s">${esc(sub)}${streaming ? ' · <span class="mv-live">in the headset</span>' : ""}</div></div>
-    ${streaming ? `<button class="small" data-mv="stop" data-src="${esc(src)}">Stop</button>`
+      <div class="s">${esc(sub)}${streaming ? ' · <span class="mv-live">in the headset</span>' + mvHealth(st) : ""}</div></div>
+    ${streaming ? `<button class="small" data-mv="stop" data-src="${esc(streaming)}">Stop</button>`
                 : `<button class="small action" data-mv="show" data-src="${esc(src)}" data-title="${esc(title)}" data-w="${w}" data-h="${h}">Show</button>`}
   </div>`;
 }
@@ -2150,6 +2166,7 @@ async function loadMacView(restart) {
   if (!s.available) { box.hidden = true; return; }
   box.hidden = false;
   const live = new Set((s.streams || []).map(x => x.src));
+  const byStream = src => (s.streams || []).find(x => x.src === src);
   $("mvCount").textContent = live.size ? `${live.size} showing` : "";
   const perm = [];
   if (!s.screen) perm.push(`Frame Control needs <b>Screen Recording</b> permission to show your windows.`);
@@ -2157,21 +2174,29 @@ async function loadMacView(restart) {
   $("mvPerm").hidden = !perm.length;
   $("mvPerm").innerHTML = perm.join(" ") + `<div class="row"><button class="small action" data-mv="perm">Allow…</button>
     <span class="sub">Then press Refresh. macOS may ask you to reopen Frame Control.</span></div>`;
+  const liveAs = src => live.has(src) ? src : src.startsWith("window:") && live.has("separate:" + src.slice(7)) ? "separate:" + src.slice(7) : "";
   $("mvDisplays").innerHTML = (s.displays || []).map(d =>
-    mvRow(d.src, `Whole screen: ${d.name}`, `${d.w}×${d.h}${d.main ? " · main display" : ""}`, d.w, d.h, live.has(d.src))).join("");
+    mvRow(d.src, `Whole screen: ${d.name}`, `${d.w}×${d.h}${d.main ? " · main display" : ""}`, d.w, d.h, liveAs(d.src), byStream(liveAs(d.src)))).join("");
   const wins = s.windows || [];
   $("mvWinCount").textContent = wins.length ? `${wins.length}` : "";
   $("mvWindows").innerHTML = !s.screen ? `<div class="sub">Windows appear here once Screen Recording is allowed.</div>`
-    : wins.length ? wins.map(w => mvRow(w.src, w.title || w.app, `${w.title ? w.app + " · " : ""}${w.w}×${w.h}`, w.w, w.h, live.has(w.src))).join("")
+    : wins.length ? wins.map(w => mvRow(w.src, w.title || w.app, `${w.title ? w.app + " · " : ""}${w.w}×${w.h}`, w.w, w.h, liveAs(w.src), byStream(liveAs(w.src)))).join("")
     : `<div class="sub">No windows open on this Mac's current desktop.</div>`;
+  // Keep the numbers fresh while something is in the headset and the card is on screen.
+  clearTimeout(mvTimer);
+  const tick = () => { mvTimer = document.hidden || !box.offsetParent ? setTimeout(tick, 3000) : (loadMacView(), 0); };
+  if (live.size) mvTimer = setTimeout(tick, 3000);
 }
 $("mvRefresh").onclick = () => loadMacView(true);
+$("mvSeparate").checked = localStorage.getItem("mvSeparate") !== "0";
+$("mvSeparate").onchange = e => localStorage.setItem("mvSeparate", e.target.checked ? "1" : "0");
 $("macview").onclick = async e => {
   const b = e.target.closest("[data-mv]"); if (!b) return;
   const src = b.dataset.src;
   if (b.dataset.mv === "show") {
+    const as = $("mvSeparate").checked && src.startsWith("window:") ? "separate:" + src.slice(7) : src;
     await act(`Show ${b.dataset.title} in the headset`, async () => {
-      const r = await api("/api/macview", { action: "show", src, quality: $("mvQuality").value,
+      const r = await api("/api/macview", { action: "show", src: as, quality: $("mvQuality").value,
                                             w: +b.dataset.w || undefined, h: +b.dataset.h || undefined });
       return { message: `${b.dataset.title} is a panel in the headset now. Float it with the SteamVR dashboard.`, ...r };
     }, b);
diff --git a/ui/mac-view.html b/ui/mac-view.html
index d56ecf9..4d639f4 100644
--- a/ui/mac-view.html
+++ b/ui/mac-view.html
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@
           font: 15px/1.4 system-ui, sans-serif; color: #eee; background: rgba(20,22,26,.88);
           padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 10px; pointer-events: none; transition: opacity .4s; }
   #note[hidden] { display: block; opacity: 0; }
+  #hud { position: fixed; left: 8px; top: 8px; font: 12px/1.35 ui-monospace, monospace; color: #dfe;
+         background: rgba(0,0,0,.72); padding: 6px 9px; border-radius: 6px; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre; }
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <canvas id="c" width="16" height="9"></canvas>
 <div id="note">Connecting to the Mac…</div>
+<div id="hud" hidden></div>
 <script>
 "use strict";
 const q = new URLSearchParams(location.search);
@@ -32,6 +35,85 @@ const c = document.getElementById("c"), ctx = c.getContext("2d", { alpha: false,
 const note = document.getElementById("note");
 // Counters for Frame Control's tests (read over DevTools).
 const stats = window.stats = { frames: 0, keyFrames: 0, bytes: 0, dropped: 0, codec: "", errors: [], info: null };
+
+// ---- timing: the Mac measures each frame's journey on its own clock ----
+// Clock sync, NTP-style: the Mac's time minus ours, from the ping with the
+// shortest round trip lately (the least queueing, so the least error).
+const clock = { off: null, rtt: 0, samples: [], reported: 0 };
+function toMac(ms) { return clock.off === null ? null : Math.round(ms * 1000 + clock.off); }
+function onPong(m) {
+  const now = performance.now(), rtt = now - m.c;
+  clock.samples.push({ rtt, off: m.a - (m.c + now) / 2 * 1000 });
+  if (clock.samples.length > 16) clock.samples.shift();
+  const best = clock.samples.reduce((a, b) => (b.rtt < a.rtt ? b : a));
+  clock.off = best.off;
+  clock.rtt = best.rtt;
+  if (now - clock.reported > 1000) {
+    clock.reported = now;
+    send({ t: "clock", rtt: +best.rtt.toFixed(2), dec: `${decoderInfo}; ${glInfo}; raf ${rafHz} Hz` });
+  }
+}
+let pingTimer = 0;
+function startPings() {
+  clearInterval(pingTimer);
+  clock.samples = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) setTimeout(() => send({ t: "ping", c: performance.now() }), i * 40);
+  pingTimer = setInterval(() => send({ t: "ping", c: performance.now() }), 1000);
+}
+// Decoded, drawn and next-animation-frame times go back in batches.
+let reports = [], dropsToReport = 0, shownPending = null, rafQueued = false;
+setInterval(() => {
+  if (!reports.length && !dropsToReport) return;
+  send({ t: "fd", f: reports, drop: dropsToReport });
+  reports = [];
+  dropsToReport = 0;
+}, 250);
+function dropped() { stats.dropped++; dropsToReport++; }
+// A drawn frame is on screen from the next animation frame, unless another
+// replaces it first (then it was never seen).
+function shown(seq, decodedAt, drawnAt) {
+  if (shownPending) reports.push([shownPending.seq, toMac(shownPending.dec), toMac(shownPending.drawn), 0]);
+  shownPending = { seq, dec: decodedAt, drawn: drawnAt };
+  if (rafQueued) return;
+  rafQueued = true;
+  requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+    rafQueued = false;
+    const p = shownPending, now = performance.now();
+    shownPending = null;
+    if (p && clock.off !== null) reports.push([p.seq, toMac(p.dec), toMac(p.drawn), toMac(now)]);
+  });
+}
+let decoderInfo = "";
+// What this browser draws with, and how often it gives an animation frame
+// when nothing else is going on (both only for the numbers).
+let glInfo = "", rafHz = 0;
+try {
+  const gl = document.createElement("canvas").getContext("webgl");
+  const ext = gl && gl.getExtension("WEBGL_debug_renderer_info");
+  glInfo = ext ? gl.getParameter(ext.UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL) : gl ? "webgl" : "no webgl";
+} catch (e) { glInfo = "?"; }
+(function measureRaf() {
+  let n = 0, t0 = 0;
+  const tick = t => {
+    if (!t0) t0 = t;
+    if (t - t0 < 1000) { n++; return requestAnimationFrame(tick); }
+    rafHz = Math.round(n * 1000 / (t - t0));
+  };
+  requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+})();
+const hud = document.getElementById("hud");
+function showHud(on) { hud.hidden = !on; }
+function ms(o) { return o && o.p50 !== undefined ? `${o.p50}/${o.p95}` : "–"; }
+function onStats(m) {
+  if (hud.hidden) return;
+  hud.textContent = `${m.size}  ${m.fps} fps shown (${m.sentFps} sent)  ${m.mbps} Mbit/s` +
+    (m.bitrate ? ` of ${(m.bitrate / 1e6).toFixed(1)}` : "") + (m.tier !== undefined ? `  tier ${m.tier}` : "") +
+    `\nlatency p50/p95 ms  total ${ms(m.total)}\n  capture ${ms(m.capture)}  queue ${ms(m.queue)}  encode ${ms(m.encode)}` +
+    `\n  network ${ms(m.network)}  decode ${ms(m.decode)}  draw ${ms(m.draw)}` +
+    `\ninput→shown p50 ${m.input ? m.input.p50.toFixed(0) + " ms" : "–"}  rtt ${m.rtt} ms` +
+    `\nskipped ${m.skipped}/${m.captured}  dropped ${m.dropped}  ${decoderInfo}`;
+}
+showHud(q.get("stats") === "1");
 // Frame Control finds this window on the Frame by the tag in its title.
 document.title = tag ? `Mac [${tag}]` : "Mac";
 let failedStarts = 0;
@@ -54,9 +136,10 @@ function askKeyFrame() {
 }
 
 let hideNoteOnFrame = true;  // "Connecting…"/"Reconnecting…" go once video flows again
-function drawFrame(img, w, h) {
+function drawFrame(img, w, h, seq, decodedAt) {
   if (c.width !== w || c.height !== h) { c.width = w; c.height = h; }
   ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
+  shown(seq, decodedAt, performance.now());
   stats.frames++;
   if (hideNoteOnFrame) { hideNoteOnFrame = false; note.hidden = true; }
 }
@@ -76,7 +159,8 @@ function makeDecoder() {
   if (dec) try { dec.close(); } catch (e) {}
   codecString = "";
   dec = new VideoDecoder({
-    output: frame => { drawFrame(frame, frame.displayWidth, frame.displayHeight); frame.close(); },
+    // The chunk's timestamp is the Mac's sequence number, to match reports up.
+    output: frame => { drawFrame(frame, frame.displayWidth, frame.displayHeight, frame.timestamp, performance.now()); frame.close(); },
     error: e => {
       stats.errors.push(String(e.message || e));
       needKey = true;
@@ -85,7 +169,7 @@ function makeDecoder() {
     },
   });
 }
-function onH264(isKey, ts, au) {
+function onH264(isKey, seq, au) {
   if (isKey) {
     const cs = spsCodec(au);
     if (cs && (cs !== codecString || dec.state !== "configured")) {
@@ -95,20 +179,22 @@ function onH264(isKey, ts, au) {
     }
     stats.keyFrames++;
   }
-  if (dec.state !== "configured" || (needKey && !isKey)) { stats.dropped++; askKeyFrame(); return; }
-  // Behind: skip to the next keyframe rather than show old pictures late.
-  if (!isKey && dec.decodeQueueSize > 2) { needKey = true; stats.dropped++; askKeyFrame(); return; }
+  if (dec.state !== "configured" || (needKey && !isKey)) { dropped(); askKeyFrame(); return; }
+  // Far behind: skip to the next keyframe rather than show old pictures late.
+  // A few queued frames are fine: decoding catches up faster than a keyframe
+  // crosses a slow link, and only the newest decoded frame gets drawn.
+  if (!isKey && dec.decodeQueueSize > 10) { needKey = true; dropped(); askKeyFrame(); return; }
   needKey = false;
-  dec.decode(new EncodedVideoChunk({ type: isKey ? "key" : "delta", timestamp: ts, data: au }));
+  dec.decode(new EncodedVideoChunk({ type: isKey ? "key" : "delta", timestamp: seq, data: au }));
 }
 
 // ---- JPEG ----
 let jpegBusy = false;
-function onJPEG(data) {
-  if (jpegBusy) { stats.dropped++; return; }
+function onJPEG(seq, data) {
+  if (jpegBusy) { dropped(); return; }
   jpegBusy = true;
   createImageBitmap(new Blob([data], { type: "image/jpeg" })).then(bmp => {
-    drawFrame(bmp, bmp.width, bmp.height);
+    drawFrame(bmp, bmp.width, bmp.height, seq, performance.now());
     bmp.close();
   }).catch(e => stats.errors.push(String(e))).finally(() => { jpegBusy = false; });
 }
@@ -119,7 +205,12 @@ async function pickCodec() {
   if (!("VideoDecoder" in window)) return "jpeg";
   try {
     const r = await VideoDecoder.isConfigSupported({ codec: "avc1.640028", optimizeForLatency: true });
-    return r.supported ? "h264" : "jpeg";
+    if (!r.supported) return "jpeg";
+    // Whether this browser has a hardware H.264 decoder (for the numbers).
+    const hw = await VideoDecoder.isConfigSupported({ codec: "avc1.640028", hardwareAcceleration: "prefer-hardware" })
+      .catch(() => ({ supported: false }));
+    decoderInfo = hw.supported ? "h264 hardware" : "h264 software";
+    return "h264";
   } catch (e) { return "jpeg"; }
 }
 
@@ -133,19 +224,21 @@ async function connect() {
   if (q.get("bpp")) p.set("bpp", q.get("bpp"));
   ws = new WebSocket(`ws://${location.host}/stream?${p}`);
   ws.binaryType = "arraybuffer";
-  ws.onopen = () => { retry = 0; lastError = ""; };
+  ws.onopen = () => { retry = 0; lastError = ""; startPings(); };
   ws.onmessage = ev => {
     if (typeof ev.data === "string") return control(JSON.parse(ev.data));
-    const b = new Uint8Array(ev.data);
+    const now = performance.now(), b = new Uint8Array(ev.data);
     stats.bytes += b.length;
-    if (b.length < 10) return;
-    const isKey = b[0] === 1;
-    const ts = Number(new DataView(ev.data).getBigUint64(1));
-    const payload = b.subarray(9);
-    if (codec === "h264") onH264(isKey, ts, payload); else onJPEG(payload);
+    if (b.length < 18) return;
+    // flags (1 = keyframe), pts µs, sequence number, input echoed; big-endian.
+    const v = new DataView(ev.data), isKey = (b[0] & 1) === 1, seq = v.getUint32(9);
+    send({ t: "rx", s: seq, r: toMac(now) });
+    const payload = b.subarray(17);
+    if (codec === "h264") onH264(isKey, seq, payload); else onJPEG(seq, payload);
   };
   ws.onclose = () => {
     ws = null;
+    clearInterval(pingTimer);
     if (closing) return;
     // Refused before ever getting a key: the ticket expired or was revoked,
     // and retrying can't help.
@@ -163,11 +256,15 @@ async function connect() {
 }
 
 function control(m) {
+  if (m.t === "pong") return onPong(m);
+  if (m.t === "stats") return onStats(m);
+  if (m.t === "bench") return bench(m);
   if (m.t === "hello") {
     reconnectKey = m.r;
     send({ t: "ack" });  // the ticket is spent only now
   } else if (m.t === "info") {
     stats.info = m;
+    warmMs = Math.max(0, +m.warm || 0);
     const name = m.title && m.app && m.title !== m.app ? `${m.title} — ${m.app}` : (m.title || m.app || "Mac");
     document.title = tag ? `${name} [${tag}]` : name;
     if (!m.input) {
@@ -194,22 +291,51 @@ function toPicture(e) {
   const x = (e.clientX - left) / w, y = (e.clientY - top) / h;
   return { x, y, inside: x >= 0 && x <= 1 && y >= 0 && y <= 1 };
 }
-let pendingMove = null, moveQueued = false;
+// Discrete input carries an id and when it happened (the Mac's clock), so
+// the Mac can tag the first frame that could show its effect.
+let inputId = 0;
+// Keep the Frame's Wi-Fi awake for a few seconds after input, when the agent asks.
+let warmMs = 0, warmUntil = 0, warmTimer = 0;
+function keepWarm() {
+  if (!warmMs) return;
+  warmUntil = performance.now() + 5000;
+  if (warmTimer) return;
+  warmTimer = setInterval(() => {
+    if (performance.now() > warmUntil) { clearInterval(warmTimer); warmTimer = 0; return; }
+    send({ t: "w" });
+  }, warmMs);
+}
+function stamp(m, e) {
+  keepWarm();
+  m.i = ++inputId;
+  m.tv = toMac(e && e.timeStamp ? e.timeStamp : performance.now());
+  return m;
+}
+// Moves go at most every 8 ms, on a timer rather than the next animation frame:
+// the Frame throttles a panel's animation frames to 15-36 Hz when it thinks
+// nobody is looking, which would hold a move back by up to 60 ms.
+let pendingMove = null, moveQueued = false, lastMove = 0;
+function flushMove() {
+  moveQueued = false;
+  if (pendingMove) { send(pendingMove); lastMove = performance.now(); }
+  pendingMove = null;
+}
 addEventListener("pointermove", e => {
   const p = toPicture(e);
   if (!p.inside && !e.buttons) return;
   pendingMove = { t: "m", e: "move", x: p.x, y: p.y };
-  if (!moveQueued) {
-    moveQueued = true;
-    requestAnimationFrame(() => { moveQueued = false; if (pendingMove) send(pendingMove); pendingMove = null; });
-  }
+  if (moveQueued) return;
+  const wait = lastMove + 8 - performance.now();
+  if (wait <= 0) return flushMove();
+  moveQueued = true;
+  setTimeout(flushMove, wait);
 });
 addEventListener("pointerdown", e => {
   const p = toPicture(e);
   if (!p.inside) return;
   if (e.pointerId !== undefined) try { c.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId); } catch (err) {}
   pendingMove = null;
-  send({ t: "m", e: "down", b: e.button < 0 ? 0 : e.button, x: p.x, y: p.y });
+  send(stamp({ t: "m", e: "down", b: e.button < 0 ? 0 : e.button, x: p.x, y: p.y }, e));
   e.preventDefault();
 });
 addEventListener("pointerup", e => {
@@ -221,16 +347,46 @@ addEventListener("pointercancel", () => send({ t: "release" }));
 addEventListener("contextmenu", e => e.preventDefault());
 addEventListener("wheel", e => {
   const p = toPicture(e), unit = e.deltaMode === 1 ? 16 : e.deltaMode === 2 ? innerHeight : 1;
-  send({ t: "wheel", dx: e.deltaX * unit, dy: e.deltaY * unit, x: p.x, y: p.y });
+  send(stamp({ t: "wheel", dx: e.deltaX * unit, dy: e.deltaY * unit, x: p.x, y: p.y }, e));
   e.preventDefault();
 }, { passive: false });
 function mods(e) {
   return ["shift", "ctrl", "alt", "meta"].filter(m => e[m + "Key"]);
 }
 function onKey(e, down) {
-  send({ t: "k", e: down ? "down" : "up", code: e.code, key: e.key, mods: mods(e) });
+  // Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S shows the numbers; it isn't sent to the Mac.
+  if (e.code === "KeyS" && e.ctrlKey && e.altKey && e.shiftKey) {
+    if (down) showHud(hud.hidden);
+    return e.preventDefault();
+  }
+  const m = { t: "k", e: down ? "down" : "up", code: e.code, key: e.key, mods: mods(e) };
+  send(down ? stamp(m, e) : m);
   e.preventDefault();
 }
+
+// ---- benchmarks: the Mac asks the viewer to act as if someone did ----
+function keyCode(ch) {
+  if (/[a-z]/i.test(ch)) return "Key" + ch.toUpperCase();
+  if (/[0-9]/.test(ch)) return "Digit" + ch;
+  return { " ": "Space", "\n": "Enter", ".": "Period", ",": "Comma" }[ch] || "";
+}
+function bench(m) {
+  if (m.action === "overlay") return showHud(m.on !== 0 && m.on !== "0");
+  if (m.action === "click") {
+    const at = { x: +m.x || 0.5, y: +m.y || 0.5 };
+    send(stamp({ t: "m", e: "down", b: 0, ...at }));
+    setTimeout(() => send({ t: "m", e: "up", b: 0, ...at }), 40);
+  } else if (m.action === "type") {
+    const text = String(m.text || ""), gap = +m.interval || 150;
+    [...text].forEach((ch, n) => setTimeout(() => {
+      const code = keyCode(ch);
+      if (!code) return send(stamp({ t: "text", s: ch }));
+      const mods = ch !== ch.toLowerCase() ? ["shift"] : [];
+      send(stamp({ t: "k", e: "down", code, key: ch, mods }));
+      setTimeout(() => send({ t: "k", e: "up", code, key: ch, mods }), 30);
+    }, n * gap));
+  }
+}
 addEventListener("keydown", e => onKey(e, true));
 addEventListener("keyup", e => onKey(e, false));
 addEventListener("blur", () => send({ t: "release" }));