diff --git a/docs/vr-apks.md b/docs/vr-apks.md
index c8b5ff5..7f6adef 100644
--- a/docs/vr-apks.md
+++ b/docs/vr-apks.md
@@ -104,11 +104,20 @@ non-NSFW image in each slot. Provider failures use the next source.
 
 Sources pass `install(apk_path, artwork={...})`: keys are `grid`, `wide`,
 `hero`, `logo`, `icon`, `banner`, `feature_graphic`, `screenshot`, or a list
-`screenshots`. Values are PNG/JPEG bytes or HTTP(S) URLs (12 MiB/8 million
-pixels maximum). Banners and feature graphics supply hero/wide art;
+`screenshots`. Values are PNG/JPEG bytes or HTTP(S) URLs (12 MiB and
+4096×4096 pixels maximum; any PNG depth or interlace, since the Frame's
+Chromium decodes them). URLs must resolve to public addresses, follow at most
+three redirects and share one deadline per install. Any source that fails,
+for any reason, becomes a warning and generated art. Banners and feature graphics supply hero/wide art;
 screenshots are the next fallback. Source images are cached for refresh.
 All images are fitted to 600×900 portrait, 920×430 wide, 3840×1240 hero,
 1280×480 logo and 256×256 icon. Explicit logos retain transparency.
+Photo-based portrait, wide and hero slots are JPEG: Steam takes at most
+12 MiB per slot, and on the Frame (2026-09-28) a noise-heavy 3840×1240 hero
+came to more than 12 MiB as PNG, 3.7 MB as JPEG (2.7 s to render); a
+landscape photo hero 5.6 MB as PNG, 0.76 MB as JPEG (0.75 s). A render that
+still fails is retried once with generated art. Steam keeps a slot's `.png`
+and `.jpg` side by side, so each slot is cleared before it is set.
 
 Generated art uses the APK icon, a dominant-colour gradient, a blurred
 backdrop and large foreground icon with shadow. Steam's Chromium canvas and
@@ -124,10 +133,26 @@ python3 ui/frame_android.py refresh-art org.godotengine.open_saber_plus
 python3 ui/frame_android.py refresh-art --all
 ```
 
-The settings panel offers the same refresh-all action. The API is
-`POST /api/android` with `{"action":"refresh-art","all":true}` or a
-`package` instead of `all`; it returns a background job. Batch results retain
-per-app errors, and the CLI exits nonzero if any failed.
+Devkit titles installed by Frame Control have the same command,
+`python3 ui/frame_titles.py refresh-art ID|--all`. The settings panel's
+refresh covers both. The API is `POST /api/android` with
+`{"action":"refresh-art","all":true}` (apps and titles) or a `package`, and
+`POST /api/titles` with `{"action":"refresh-art","id":…}`; each returns a
+background job. Batch results retain per-item errors, and the CLIs exit
+nonzero if any failed. Apps and titles without complete artwork show **Add
+artwork**, `list` prints the command, and when Frame Control lists them while
+Steam is running it re-applies their art in the background (at most every
+five minutes), for example for a title Steam registered after an install made
+while it wasn't running.
+
+Steam's app overviews carry no `devkit_gameid` (checked 2026-09-28, build
+20260925.6191901, on every non-Steam shortcut). A title's shortcut is found by
+its saved id, or by an executable or start folder inside
+`~/devkit-game/<id>/`, read from `appDetailsStore`; never by display name.
+That the devkit shortcut's exe/start folder sit inside the title folder is
+inferred from `docs/sideloading.md` (`proton waitforexitandrun
+"/home/steamos/devkit-game/<id>/<exe>"`), not yet seen in app details.
+Devkit titles keep the VR flag Steam gave them.
 
 **Verified on build 20260925.6191901, SteamVR 2.18.1 (2026-09-28):** both
 Open Saber Plus and SuperTux were backfilled. Steam's cached portrait, wide,
@@ -148,8 +173,11 @@ supported shortcut description/store-page, developer/publisher, release
 metadata or custom achievement API was found; these are not fabricated.
 
 The launcher supervises Lepton and handles TERM/INT/HUP and normal exit by
-stopping its own container and child process group. A lock and container check
-refuse duplicate launches. Steam Stop uses `TerminateApp` with the exact
+stopping its own container and child process group. A lock refuses duplicate launches;
+a container still running while the lock is free was orphaned by a killed
+launcher and is stopped before the new launch. Lepton doesn't inherit the
+lock. Removing an app or title still deletes its files when Steam isn't
+running; tidying Steam's collections and artwork is best effort. Steam Stop uses `TerminateApp` with the exact
 64-bit game ID string. Frame Control's Stop additionally has a direct-container
 fallback. The stable instance ID and compatdata paths remain unchanged.
 
diff --git a/frame/android/lepton-app.sh b/frame/android/lepton-app.sh
index 119850b..594a6a9 100644
--- a/frame/android/lepton-app.sh
+++ b/frame/android/lepton-app.sh
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@ fi
 exec 9>"$DIR/launch.lock"
 flock -n 9 || { echo "Android app is already running" >&2; exit 1; }
 CONTAINER="lepton-steamlaunch-$SteamAppId"
+# Holding the lock means no launcher owns a running container: it was orphaned
+# (this script SIGKILLed), so stop it rather than refuse every later Play.
 if [[ "$(podman inspect --format '{{.State.Running}}' "$CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true)" == true ]]; then
-  echo "Android container is already running" >&2
-  exit 1
+  echo "Stopping orphaned $CONTAINER" >&2
+  podman stop -t 5 "$CONTAINER" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 fi
 export STEAM_COMPAT_INSTALL_PATH="$DIR"
 # Must be under ~/.local/share/Steam: only that tree is mounted in the container.
@@ -63,7 +65,8 @@ trap cleanup EXIT
 trap 'exit 143' TERM
 trap 'exit 130' INT
 trap 'exit 129' HUP
-setsid --wait "$LEPTON" waitforexitandrun -- "$DIR/app.apk" &
+# 9>&-: the lock is this launcher's alone; Lepton's tree mustn't keep it held.
+setsid --wait "$LEPTON" waitforexitandrun -- "$DIR/app.apk" 9>&- &
 child=$!
 rc=0
 wait "$child" || rc=$?
diff --git a/frame/android/library_artwork.js b/frame/android/library_artwork.js
index 9680dc5..89ef0d6 100644
--- a/frame/android/library_artwork.js
+++ b/frame/android/library_artwork.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ async function renderLibraryArtwork(input) {
       const img = new Image();
       img.src = `data:image/${item[0]};base64,${item[1]}`;
       await img.decode();
-      if (!img.width || !img.height || img.width*img.height > 8000000) throw Error('dimensions');
+      if (!img.width || !img.height || img.width*img.height > 16777216) throw Error('dimensions');
       images[slot] = img;
     } catch (_) { warnings.push(`${slot} could not be decoded; generated art used`); }
   }
@@ -138,7 +138,9 @@ async function renderLibraryArtwork(input) {
       if (slot==='wide') title(ctx,w,h,h*.69,h*.92,52);
       // Hero intentionally has no title: Steam overlays the transparent logo.
     }
-    result[slot]=canvas.toDataURL('image/png').split(',')[1];
+    // Photos as PNG can pass Steam's 12 MiB limit at hero size; the logo keeps its transparency.
+    const jpeg=scene && slot!=='logo' && slot!=='icon';
+    result[slot]=[jpeg?'jpg':'png', canvas.toDataURL(jpeg?'image/jpeg':'image/png',.9).split(',')[1]];
   }
   return {images:result,warnings,font};
 }
diff --git a/frame/android/steam_shortcuts.py b/frame/android/steam_shortcuts.py
index 79fbb1f..5e3a405 100644
--- a/frame/android/steam_shortcuts.py
+++ b/frame/android/steam_shortcuts.py
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ def target_ws():
 class WS:
     """Just enough RFC 6455 for one CDP request/response on loopback."""
 
-    def __init__(self, url):
+    def __init__(self, url, timeout=20):
         host_port, path = url[len('ws://'):].split('/', 1)
         host, port = host_port.split(':')
-        self.s = socket.create_connection((host, int(port)), timeout=20)
+        self.s = socket.create_connection((host, int(port)), timeout=timeout)
         key = base64.b64encode(os.urandom(16)).decode()
         self.s.sendall((f'GET /{path} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {host_port}\r\nUpgrade: websocket\r\n'
                         f'Connection: Upgrade\r\nSec-WebSocket-Key: {key}\r\n'
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ class WS:
                 return msg.decode()
 
 
-def evaluate(js):
-    ws = WS(target_ws())
+def evaluate(js, timeout=20):
+    ws = WS(target_ws(), timeout)
     ws.send(json.dumps({'id': 1, 'method': 'Runtime.evaluate', 'params': {
         'expression': js, 'awaitPromise': True, 'returnByValue': True}}))
     while True:
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ def evaluate(js):
 ASSETS = {'grid': 0, 'hero': 1, 'logo': 2, 'wide': 3, 'icon': 4}
 
 
-def collections_js(appid, vr=None, category='Android'):
-    wanted = [] if vr is None else [category, *(['Android VR'] if vr and category == 'Android' else [])]
+def collections_js(appid, wanted=()):
+    wanted = list(wanted)
     return f'''async function syncCollections() {{
       const wanted = {json.dumps(wanted)};
       if (typeof collectionStore === "undefined" ||
@@ -147,6 +147,9 @@ def notes_js(name, details):
     }}'''
 
 
+MAX_ART = 12 * 1024 * 1024  # Steam's custom artwork limit per slot
+
+
 def render(plan):
     with open(plan) as f:
         source = json.load(f)
@@ -154,32 +157,50 @@ def render(plan):
     for slot, path in source['images'].items():
         ext = os.path.splitext(path)[1][1:]
         with open(path, 'rb') as f:
-            data = f.read(12 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)
-        if len(data) > 12 * 1024 * 1024:
+            data = f.read(MAX_ART + 1)
+        if len(data) > MAX_ART:
             raise ValueError('source artwork too large')
         images[slot] = [ext, base64.b64encode(data).decode()]
     renderer = globals().get('ART_RENDERER')
     if renderer is None:
         with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'library_artwork.js')) as f:
             renderer = f.read()
-    result = evaluate(renderer + '\nrenderLibraryArtwork(' + json.dumps({'label': source['label'], 'images': images}) + ')')
+    try:
+        return _render(plan, renderer, source['label'], images)
+    except (ValueError, OSError, EOFError, SystemExit) as e:
+        # Generated art from the icon alone always fits; a photo that didn't must not fail the install.
+        result = _render(plan, renderer, source['label'], {k: v for k, v in images.items() if k == 'icon'})
+        result['warnings'].insert(0, 'Source artwork could not be rendered (' + str(e)[:120] + '); generated art used')
+        return result
+
+
+def _render(plan, renderer, label, images):
+    # A 4K photo takes seconds to decode and encode on the Frame; allow well beyond that.
+    result = evaluate(renderer + '\nrenderLibraryArtwork(' + json.dumps({'label': label, 'images': images}) + ')',
+                      timeout=75)
     if not isinstance(result, dict) or set(result.get('images', {})) != set(ASSETS):
         raise ValueError('incomplete artwork render')
     paths = {}
-    for slot, encoded in result['images'].items():
-        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(plan), slot + '.png')
+    for slot, (ext, encoded) in result['images'].items():
         data = base64.b64decode(encoded, validate=True)
-        if not data.startswith(b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n') or len(data) > 12 * 1024 * 1024:
-            raise ValueError('invalid rendered image')
-        with open(path + '.tmp', 'wb') as f:
+        signature = {'png': b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n', 'jpg': b'\xff\xd8\xff'}.get(ext)
+        if not signature or not data.startswith(signature) or len(data) > MAX_ART:
+            raise ValueError(slot + ' render is ' + str(len(data)) + ' bytes of ' + str(ext))
+        paths[slot] = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(plan), slot + '.' + ext)
+        with open(paths[slot] + '.tmp', 'wb') as f:
             f.write(data)
+    for slot, path in paths.items():
         os.replace(path + '.tmp', path)
-        paths[slot] = path
-    return {'paths': paths, 'warnings': result.get('warnings', [])}
+        for stale in ('png', 'jpg'):
+            other = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(plan), slot + '.' + stale)
+            if other != path and os.path.exists(other):
+                os.remove(other)
+    return {'paths': paths, 'warnings': list(result.get('warnings', []))}
 
 
 def configure(appid, name, exe, start_dir, icon, vr, artwork, options=None):
     options = options or {}
+    category = options.get('category', 'Android')
     if set(artwork) != set(ASSETS):
         raise ValueError('all five Steam artwork slots are required')
     images = []
@@ -190,8 +211,8 @@ def configure(appid, name, exe, start_dir, icon, vr, artwork, options=None):
         if ext not in ('png', 'jpg'):
             raise ValueError('artwork must be PNG or JPEG')
         with open(path, 'rb') as f:
-            data = f.read(12 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)
-        if len(data) > 12 * 1024 * 1024:
+            data = f.read(MAX_ART + 1)
+        if len(data) > MAX_ART:
             raise ValueError('artwork is too large')
         if slot != 'icon':  # Frame's custom-art API maps type 4 to Header; use SetShortcutIcon.
             images.append([ASSETS[slot], ext, base64.b64encode(data).decode()])
@@ -203,30 +224,41 @@ def configure(appid, name, exe, start_dir, icon, vr, artwork, options=None):
       if (typeof SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutSortAs === "function")
         SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutSortAs(id, {json.dumps(name)});
       SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutIcon(id, {json.dumps(icon)});
-      if (typeof SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutIsVR === "function")
-        SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutIsVR(id, {json.dumps(vr)});
-      else warnings.push("Steam VR shortcut flag API unavailable");
+      // null (devkit titles): leave the VR flag as Steam registered it.
+      if ({json.dumps(vr)} !== null) {{
+        if (typeof SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutIsVR === "function")
+          SteamClient.Apps.SetShortcutIsVR(id, {json.dumps(vr)});
+        else warnings.push("Steam VR shortcut flag API unavailable");
+      }}
       if (typeof SteamClient.Apps.SetCustomArtworkForApp === "function") {{
-        for (const [type, ext, data] of {json.dumps(images)})
+        for (const [type, ext, data] of {json.dumps(images)}) {{
+          // Steam keeps a slot's PNG and JPEG side by side; clear it so a stale one can't win.
+          if (typeof SteamClient.Apps.ClearCustomArtworkForApp === "function")
+            try {{ await SteamClient.Apps.ClearCustomArtworkForApp(id, type); }} catch (e) {{}}
           await SteamClient.Apps.SetCustomArtworkForApp(id, data, ext, type);
+        }}
       }} else throw new Error("Steam artwork API unavailable; installation is incomplete");
-      {collections_js(int(appid), vr, options.get('category', 'Android'))}
+      {collections_js(int(appid), [category] + (['Android VR'] if vr and category == 'Android' else []))}
       try {{ warnings.push(...await syncCollections()); }}
       catch (e) {{ warnings.push("Steam collections: " + String(e)); }}
       {notes_js(name, options.get('details', {}))}
       return {{warnings}};
-    }})()''')
+    }})()''', timeout=60)
 
 
 def remove(appid):
+    # Collections and artwork are tidy-up: only a missing RemoveShortcut may fail the removal.
     return evaluate(f'''(async () => {{
-      const id = {int(appid)};
+      const id = {int(appid)}, warnings = [];
       {collections_js(int(appid))}
-      const warnings = await syncCollections();
+      try {{ warnings.push(...await syncCollections()); }}
+      catch (e) {{ warnings.push("Steam collections: " + String(e)); }}
       if (typeof SteamClient.Apps.ClearCustomArtworkForApp === "function") {{
-        for (const type of [0, 1, 2, 3])
-          await SteamClient.Apps.ClearCustomArtworkForApp(id, type);
-      }} else throw new Error("Steam artwork removal API unavailable");
+        for (const type of [0, 1, 2, 3]) {{
+          try {{ await SteamClient.Apps.ClearCustomArtworkForApp(id, type); }}
+          catch (e) {{ warnings.push("Steam artwork " + type + ": " + String(e)); }}
+        }}
+      }} else warnings.push("Steam artwork removal API unavailable");
       SteamClient.Apps.RemoveShortcut(id);
       return {{warnings}};
     }})()''')
@@ -246,13 +278,24 @@ def main():
         }})()'''
         print(evaluate(js))
     elif cmd == 'list':
-        js = '''(() => appStore.allApps.filter(a => a.app_type === 1073741824)
-                  .map(a => ({appid: a.appid, name: a.display_name, devkit_gameid: a.devkit_gameid})))()'''
+        # Overviews carry no exe or devkit id (checked 2026-09-28); app details do, once registered.
+        js = '''(async () => Promise.all(appStore.allApps.filter(a => a.app_type === 1073741824).map(async a => {
+          let d = typeof appDetailsStore !== "undefined" && appDetailsStore.GetAppDetails(a.appid);
+          if (!d && typeof SteamClient.Apps.RegisterForAppDetails === "function") d = await new Promise(ok => {
+            let reg;
+            const timer = setTimeout(() => { if (reg) reg.unregister(); ok(null); }, 3000);
+            reg = SteamClient.Apps.RegisterForAppDetails(a.appid, x => {
+              clearTimeout(timer); setTimeout(() => reg && reg.unregister()); ok(x); });
+          });
+          return {appid: a.appid, name: a.display_name, devkit_gameid: a.devkit_gameid,
+                  exe: d ? d.strShortcutExe || "" : "", start_dir: d ? d.strShortcutStartDir || "" : ""};
+        })))()'''
         print(json.dumps(evaluate(js)))
     elif cmd == 'render':
         print(json.dumps(render(args[0])))
     elif cmd == 'configure':
-        print(json.dumps(configure(int(args[0]), *args[1:5], args[5] == '1', json.loads(args[6]),
+        vr = {'1': True, '0': False}.get(args[5])  # '' leaves Steam's VR flag alone
+        print(json.dumps(configure(int(args[0]), *args[1:5], vr, json.loads(args[6]),
                                    json.loads(args[7]) if len(args) > 7 else None)))
     elif cmd == 'stop':
         evaluate(f'SteamClient.Apps.TerminateApp({json.dumps(str((int(args[0]) << 32) | 0x02000000))}, false)')
diff --git a/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/canvas_stub.js b/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/canvas_stub.js
index ac21da6..8a95e86 100644
--- a/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/canvas_stub.js
+++ b/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/canvas_stub.js
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ function surface() {
       drawImage(){canvas.draws++;},getImageData:()=>({data:new Uint8ClampedArray(canvas.width*canvas.height*4)}),
       createLinearGradient:()=>({addColorStop(){}}),createRadialGradient:()=>({addColorStop(){}})};
     for(const method of ['save','restore','beginPath','rect','roundRect','clip','fillRect','putImageData','arc','fill','stroke'])ctx[method]=()=>{};
-    canvas.getContext=()=>ctx;canvas.toDataURL=()=> 'data:image/png;base64,'+png(canvas.width,canvas.height);
+    canvas.getContext=()=>ctx;canvas.toDataURL=type=>type==='image/jpeg'?'data:image/jpeg;base64,'+Buffer.from('ffd8ffe000104a464946','hex').toString('base64'):
+      'data:image/png;base64,'+png(canvas.width,canvas.height);
     canvases.push(canvas);return canvas;
   }};
   class Image {constructor(){this.width=2;this.height=2;} async decode(){if(this.src.includes('YmFk'))throw Error('bad image');}}
diff --git a/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/cef_shim.js b/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/cef_shim.js
index e0c2a52..cf0905e 100644
--- a/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/cef_shim.js
+++ b/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/cef_shim.js
@@ -71,6 +71,13 @@ function build(steam) {
       NewUnsavedCollection(name, filter, apps) { return collection({name, apps: apps.map(a => a.appid)}); },
       async SaveCollection(c) { if (!steam.collections.includes(c.value)) steam.collections.push(c.value); },
     },
+    // Shortcut exe/start folder live in app details, not overviews (Frame, 2026-09-28).
+    appDetailsStore: {
+      GetAppDetails(id) {
+        const s = findShortcut(id);
+        return s ? { strShortcutExe: s.exe, strShortcutStartDir: s.start_dir, bShortcutIsVR: !!s.vr } : null;
+      },
+    },
     appStore: {
       get allApps() { return allApps(); },
       GetAppOverviewByAppID(id) { return allApps().find(a => a.appid === Number(id)) || null; },
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/library/check-renderer.js b/tests/fixtures/library/check-renderer.js
index 83490f4..1e2e06f 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/library/check-renderer.js
+++ b/tests/fixtures/library/check-renderer.js
@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ const stub=require(process.cwd()+'/tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakefram
  const result=await ctx.renderLibraryArtwork({label:'Example Game',images:{icon:['png','fixture']}});
  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(result.images),['grid','wide','hero','logo','icon']);
  for(const [slot,size] of Object.entries({grid:[600,900],wide:[920,430],hero:[3840,1240],logo:[1280,480],icon:[256,256]})) {
-  const b=Buffer.from(result.images[slot],'base64');assert.equal(b.readUInt32BE(16),size[0]);assert.equal(b.readUInt32BE(20),size[1]);
+  assert.equal(result.images[slot][0],'png');
+  const b=Buffer.from(result.images[slot][1],'base64');assert.equal(b.readUInt32BE(16),size[0]);assert.equal(b.readUInt32BE(20),size[1]);
  }
+ // A photo scene is JPEG (Steam's 12 MiB limit at hero size); the logo stays transparent PNG.
+ const photo=await ctx.renderLibraryArtwork({label:'Photo',images:{hero:['jpg','fixture'],banner:['jpg','fixture']}});
+ for(const slot of ['wide','hero'])assert.equal(photo.images[slot][0],'jpg');
+ for(const slot of ['grid','logo','icon'])assert.equal(photo.images[slot][0],'png');
  const hero=surface.canvases.find(c=>c.width===3840);assert.equal(hero.text.length,0);
  const logo=surface.canvases.find(c=>c.width===1280);assert(logo.text.length);assert.equal(logo.draws,0);
  const before=surface.canvases.length;await ctx.renderLibraryArtwork({label:'No Icon',images:{}});
diff --git a/tests/test_frame_android_library.py b/tests/test_frame_android_library.py
index dea31a6..fdee8cb 100644
--- a/tests/test_frame_android_library.py
+++ b/tests/test_frame_android_library.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ spec.loader.exec_module(shortcuts)
 
 @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'nt', 'POSIX launcher')
 class LauncherTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def exercise(self, terminate, sig=signal.SIGTERM, blocked=None):
+    def exercise(self, terminate, sig=signal.SIGTERM, blocked=None, orphan=False):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
             d = Path(tmp)
             app = d / 'Applications/Android/org.test.app'
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ class LauncherTests(unittest.TestCase):
                    'assert os.environ["SteamAppId"] == "2800000001"\n'
                    'assert os.environ["LEPTON_ENV_SteamAppId"] == "3346865537"\n'
                    'Path(os.environ["HOME"],"started").write_text(str(os.getpid()))\n'
+                   'try:\n os.fstat(9); Path(os.environ["HOME"],"inherited-lock").touch()\nexcept OSError: pass\n'
                    + ('time.sleep(30)\n' if terminate else 'raise SystemExit(23)\n'))
             script(bin_dir / 'setsid', 'import os,sys\nos.setsid()\nos.execv(sys.argv[2],sys.argv[2:])\n')
             script(bin_dir / 'flock', 'import os\nraise SystemExit(1 if os.environ.get("TEST_LOCKED") else 0)\n')  # lock semantics belong to Linux; no flock on macOS
@@ -54,6 +55,8 @@ class LauncherTests(unittest.TestCase):
             env = {**os.environ, 'HOME': str(d), 'PATH': str(bin_dir) + os.pathsep + os.environ['PATH']}
             if blocked:
                 env['TEST_' + blocked] = '1'
+            if orphan:
+                env['TEST_RUNNING'] = '1'
             saved = d / '.local/share/Steam/steamapps/compatdata/2800000001/internal/save'
             saved.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
             saved.write_text('saved game')
@@ -70,12 +73,14 @@ class LauncherTests(unittest.TestCase):
                 while not (d / 'started').exists() and proc.poll() is None and time.monotonic() < deadline:
                     time.sleep(.02)
                 self.assertTrue((d / 'started').exists(), 'launcher did not start Lepton')
+                self.assertFalse((d / 'inherited-lock').exists(), 'Lepton inherited the launch lock')
                 if terminate:
                     self.assertIsNone(proc.poll(), 'Steam-tracked wrapper exited during the session')
                     proc.send_signal(sig)
                 _, err = proc.communicate(timeout=5)
                 calls = (d / 'podman-calls').read_text() if (d / 'podman-calls').exists() else ''
                 self.assertIn('stop -t 5 lepton-steamlaunch-2800000001', calls, err.decode())
+                self.assertEqual(calls.count('stop -t 5'), 2 if orphan else 1)
                 self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 128 + sig if terminate else 23)
                 self.assertEqual(saved.read_text(), 'saved game')
                 self.assertTrue((app / 'app.apk').exists())
@@ -98,9 +103,11 @@ class LauncherTests(unittest.TestCase):
                 self.exercise(True, sig)
 
     def test_duplicate_launch_leaves_existing_session_alone(self):
-        for blocked in ('LOCKED', 'RUNNING'):
-            with self.subTest(blocked=blocked):
-                self.exercise(False, blocked=blocked)
+        self.exercise(False, blocked='LOCKED')
+
+    def test_orphaned_container_is_stopped_and_play_proceeds(self):
+        # Container running but the lock free: its launcher was SIGKILLed.
+        self.exercise(False, orphan=True)
 
     def test_normal_exit_cleans_container_and_keeps_exit_code(self):
         self.exercise(False)
@@ -110,29 +117,17 @@ FIXTURES = ROOT / 'tests/fixtures/library'
 
 
 class ArtworkTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_icon_roundtrip_and_transparency(self):
-        w, h, pixels = art.decode((FIXTURES / 'icon.png').read_bytes())
-        self.assertEqual((w, h), (2, 2))
-        self.assertEqual(pixels, bytes([255, 0, 0, 255, 0, 255, 0, 255,
-                                       0, 0, 255, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0]))
-        background = bytearray([10, 20, 30, 255] * 4)
-        art.stamp(background, 2, (w, h, pixels), 0, 0, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(background[:8], pixels[:8])
-        self.assertEqual(background[8:12], bytes([4, 9, 142, 255]))
-        self.assertEqual(background[12:], bytes([10, 20, 30, 255]))
-
     def test_source_inputs_and_url(self):
-        import io
+        from apk_sources import _images
         data = (FIXTURES / 'icon.png').read_bytes()
-        response = io.BytesIO(data)
-        response.geturl = lambda: 'https://example.org/icon.png'
         with patch('frame_steamgriddb.lookup', return_value=({}, [])), \
-                patch.object(art.urllib.request, 'urlopen', return_value=response) as fetch:
+                patch.object(_images, 'fetch', return_value=(data, 'image/png')) as fetch:
             images, warnings = art.prepare('Game', artwork={'banner': data, 'icon': 'https://example.org/icon.png'})
         self.assertEqual(images['banner'], ('png', data))
         self.assertEqual(images['icon'], ('png', data))
         self.assertEqual(warnings, [])
-        self.assertEqual(fetch.call_count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(fetch.call_args.args[0], 'https://example.org/icon.png')
+        self.assertIsNotNone(fetch.call_args.kwargs['deadline'])
 
     def test_provider_precedence_and_bad_source_fallback(self):
         data = (FIXTURES / 'icon.png').read_bytes()
@@ -143,48 +138,63 @@ class ArtworkTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(images['icon'], ('png', data))
         self.assertEqual(images['screenshot'], ('png', data))
         self.assertNotIn('wide', images)
-        self.assertEqual(len(warnings), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(warnings, ['Source wide unavailable; using fallback art'])  # one per slot, not per candidate
+
+    def test_any_source_failure_falls_back_to_generated_art(self):
+        import http.client
+        from apk_sources import _images
+        data = (FIXTURES / 'icon.png').read_bytes()
+        for error in (http.client.RemoteDisconnected('gone'), http.client.IncompleteRead(b''), AttributeError('x')):
+            with self.subTest(error=type(error).__name__), \
+                    patch.object(_images, 'fetch', side_effect=error), \
+                    patch('frame_steamgriddb.lookup', side_effect=error):
+                images, warnings = art.prepare('Game', data, {'banner': 'https://example.org/b.png'})
+            self.assertEqual(set(images), {'icon'})
+            self.assertEqual(len(warnings), 2)
+
+    def test_url_fetch_refuses_private_hosts_and_honours_deadline(self):
+        from apk_sources import _images, SourceError
+        local = [(2, 1, 6, '', ('127.0.0.1', 443))]
+        with patch.object(_images.socket, 'getaddrinfo', return_value=local), \
+                self.assertRaisesRegex(SourceError, 'Private'):
+            art.fetch('https://example.org/icon.png')
+        public = [(2, 1, 6, '', ('93.184.216.34', 443))]
+        with patch.object(_images.socket, 'getaddrinfo', return_value=public), \
+                patch.object(_images.socket, 'create_connection') as connect, \
+                self.assertRaisesRegex(SourceError, 'too long'):
+            art.fetch('https://example.org/icon.png', deadline=time.monotonic() - 1)
+        connect.assert_not_called()
+        with self.assertRaises(SourceError):
+            art.fetch('file:///etc/passwd')
 
     def test_supplied_jpeg(self):
         data = (FIXTURES / 'icon.jpg').read_bytes()
         self.assertEqual(art.image_type(data), 'jpg')
+        self.assertEqual(art.image_type(data + b'\0' * 64), 'jpg')  # trailing padding after EOI
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             art.image_type(data[:30])
 
-    def test_bad_artwork_and_expansion_limits(self):
-        import zlib
+    def test_png_variants_left_to_chromium_and_limits(self):
+        def png(w, h, depth, color, interlace):
+            return art.PNG + art.chunk(b'IHDR', struct.pack('>IIBBBBB', w, h, depth, color, 0, 0, interlace)) + \
+                art.chunk(b'IEND', b'')
+        self.assertEqual(art.image_type(png(3840, 1240, 16, 6, 0)), 'png')
+        self.assertEqual(art.image_type(png(3840, 2160, 8, 2, 1)), 'png')
+        for bad, message in ((png(10000, 10, 8, 6, 0), 'dimensions'), (png(5000, 5000, 8, 6, 0), 'dimensions'),
+                             (png(10, 10, 3, 6, 0), 'encoding'), (png(10, 10, 8, 5, 0), 'encoding')):
+            with self.subTest(message=message), self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, message):
+                art.image_type(bad)
+        broken = bytearray(png(10, 10, 8, 6, 0))
+        broken[20] ^= 1
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'checksum'):
+            art.image_type(bytes(broken))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            art.image_type(art.PNG + b'junk')
+
+    def test_bad_artwork_arguments(self):
         for value in ({'bad': b'bad'}, ['hero']):
             with self.subTest(value=value), self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 art.prepare('Game', artwork=value)
-        data = bytearray((FIXTURES / 'icon.png').read_bytes())
-        data[45] ^= 1
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'checksum'):
-            art.decode(bytes(data))
-        bomb = art.PNG + art.chunk(b'IHDR', struct.pack('>IIBBBBB', 1, 1, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0)) + \
-            art.chunk(b'IDAT', zlib.compress(b'\0' * 1_000_000)) + art.chunk(b'IEND', b'')
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'pixels'):
-            art.decode(bomb)
-        huge = art.PNG + art.chunk(b'IHDR', struct.pack('>IIBBBBB', 10000, 10000, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0)) + art.chunk(b'IEND', b'')
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'dimensions'):
-            art.decode(huge)
-
-    def test_palette_and_filters(self):
-        import zlib
-        header = art.chunk(b'IHDR', struct.pack('>IIBBBBB', 2, 1, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0))
-        data = art.PNG + header + art.chunk(b'PLTE', b'\xff\0\0\0\xff\0') + art.chunk(b'tRNS', b'\xff\x80') + \
-            art.chunk(b'IDAT', zlib.compress(b'\0\x40')) + art.chunk(b'IEND', b'')
-        self.assertEqual(art.decode(data)[2], bytes([255, 0, 0, 255, 0, 255, 0, 128]))
-        for method in range(5):
-            # Two identical RGBA rows: exercise each predictor with known filtered bytes.
-            first = bytes([10, 20, 30, 255] * 2)
-            filtered = bytearray()
-            for x, value in enumerate(first):
-                a, b, c = first[x-4] if x >= 4 else 0, first[x], first[x-4] if x >= 4 else 0
-                predictor = (0, a, b, (a+b)//2, b)[method]
-                filtered.append((value - predictor) & 255)
-            data = art.PNG + art.chunk(b'IHDR', struct.pack('>IIBBBBB', 2, 2, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0)) + \
-                art.chunk(b'IDAT', zlib.compress(b'\0' + first + bytes([method]) + filtered)) + art.chunk(b'IEND', b'')
-            self.assertEqual(art.decode(data)[2], first * 2)
 
     def test_godot_project_icon(self):
         import io
@@ -270,19 +280,21 @@ class InstallTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn(('remove', '3346865537'), [c.args for c in api.call_args_list])
         self.assertTrue(any(c.args[0] == 'rm -rf Applications/Android/org.test.vr' for c in ssh.call_args_list))
 
-    def test_remove_keeps_data_when_requested_and_surfaces_api_failure(self):
-        with patch.object(android, '_meta_or_fail', return_value=dict(self.existing)), \
+    def test_remove_keeps_data_when_requested_and_survives_steam_failure(self):
+        with patch.object(android, '_meta_or_fail', side_effect=lambda pkg: dict(self.existing)), \
                 patch.object(android, 'stop'), \
                 patch.object(android, 'shortcut_tool', return_value='{"warnings": []}') as api, \
                 patch.object(android, 'ssh') as ssh:
             android.remove('org.test.vr', keep_data=True)
             api.assert_called_once_with('remove', '3346865537')
             ssh.assert_called_once_with('rm -rf Applications/Android/org.test.vr')
-            api.side_effect = android.FrameError('CDP unavailable')
+            api.side_effect = android.FrameError('SharedJSContext not found: is the Steam client running?')
             ssh.reset_mock()
-            with self.assertRaises(android.FrameError):
-                android.remove('org.test.vr')
-            ssh.assert_not_called()
+            result = android.remove('org.test.vr')
+            ssh.assert_called_once_with('rm -rf Applications/Android/org.test.vr '
+                                        '.local/share/Steam/steamapps/compatdata/2800000001 '
+                                        '.local/share/Steam/steamapps/shadercache/2800000001')
+            self.assertIn('Steam client running', result['library_warnings'][0])
 
     def test_stop_requests_steam_and_has_container_fallback(self):
         with patch.object(android, '_meta_or_fail', return_value=self.existing), \
@@ -302,6 +314,7 @@ class SteamAPITests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn('SetShortcutIsVR(id, true)', js)
         self.assertIn('SetShortcutName(id, "A \\"name\\"\\n")', js)
         self.assertIn('SetCustomArtworkForApp(id, data, ext, type)', js)
+        self.assertLess(js.index('ClearCustomArtworkForApp(id, type)'), js.index('SetCustomArtworkForApp(id, data, ext, type)'))
         self.assertEqual(shortcuts.ASSETS, {'grid': 0, 'hero': 1, 'logo': 2, 'wide': 3, 'icon': 4})
         self.assertIn('NewUnsavedCollection(name, undefined, [app])', js)
 
@@ -312,6 +325,49 @@ class SteamAPITests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn('[0, 1, 2, 3]', js)
         self.assertLess(js.index('ClearCustomArtworkForApp(id, type)'), js.index('RemoveShortcut(id)'))
         self.assertIn('const wanted = []', js)
+        self.assertNotIn('throw', js)  # tidy-up failures are warnings; RemoveShortcut always runs
+
+    def test_devkit_configure_leaves_vr_flag_and_uses_sideloaded(self):
+        slots = {slot: str(FIXTURES / 'icon.png') for slot in art.SLOTS}
+        with patch.object(shortcuts, 'evaluate', return_value={'warnings': []}) as evaluate:
+            shortcuts.configure(42, 'Game', '', '', '/icon', None, slots, {'category': 'Sideloaded'})
+        js = evaluate.call_args.args[0]
+        self.assertIn('if (null !== null)', js)
+        self.assertIn('const wanted = ["Sideloaded"]', js)
+        with patch.object(sys, 'argv', ['steam_shortcuts.py', 'configure', '42', 'Game', '', '', '/icon', '',
+                                        json.dumps(slots), '{}']), \
+                patch.object(shortcuts, 'configure', return_value={}) as configure, patch('builtins.print'):
+            shortcuts.main()
+        self.assertIsNone(configure.call_args.args[5])
+
+    def test_render_writes_jpeg_and_retries_oversized_photo_with_generated_art(self):
+        import base64
+        png = base64.b64encode((FIXTURES / 'icon.png').read_bytes()).decode()
+        jpg = base64.b64encode((FIXTURES / 'icon.jpg').read_bytes()).decode()
+        huge = base64.b64encode(b'\xff\xd8\xff' + b'\0' * (12 * 1024 * 1024)).decode()
+        calls = []
+        def evaluate(js, timeout=20):
+            calls.append((json.loads(js[js.rindex('renderLibraryArtwork(') + 21:-1]), timeout))
+            hero = ['jpg', huge] if len(calls) == 1 else ['png', png]
+            return {'images': {'grid': ['jpg', jpg], 'wide': ['jpg', jpg], 'hero': hero,
+                               'logo': ['png', png], 'icon': ['png', png]}, 'warnings': []}
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            for name in ('icon.png', 'hero.jpg'):
+                Path(tmp, 'source-' + name).write_bytes((FIXTURES / ('icon.jpg' if name.endswith('jpg') else 'icon.png')).read_bytes())
+            Path(tmp, 'hero.png').write_bytes(b'stale')
+            plan = Path(tmp, 'input.json')
+            plan.write_text(json.dumps({'label': 'Game', 'images': {'icon': str(Path(tmp, 'source-icon.png')),
+                                                                     'hero': str(Path(tmp, 'source-hero.jpg'))}}))
+            with patch.object(shortcuts, 'evaluate', side_effect=evaluate):
+                result = shortcuts.render(str(plan))
+            self.assertEqual(set(calls[0][0]['images']), {'icon', 'hero'})
+            self.assertEqual(set(calls[1][0]['images']), {'icon'})
+            self.assertEqual([c[1] for c in calls], [75, 75])
+            self.assertTrue(result['paths']['grid'].endswith('grid.jpg'))
+            self.assertTrue(result['paths']['hero'].endswith('hero.png'))
+            self.assertIn('generated art used', result['warnings'][0])
+            self.assertFalse(Path(tmp, 'hero.jpg').exists())
+            self.assertEqual(Path(tmp, 'grid.jpg').read_bytes(), (FIXTURES / 'icon.jpg').read_bytes())
 
     def test_stop_uses_exact_64_bit_game_id_string(self):
         with patch.object(sys, 'argv', ['steam_shortcuts.py', 'stop', '3346865537']), \
@@ -325,7 +381,7 @@ class SteamContextTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_collection_lifecycle_and_native_artwork_calls(self):
         steam = {'apps': [], 'shortcuts': [{'appid': 42, 'name': 'Before'}], 'compat_tools': {},
                  'collections': [{'name': 'Android', 'apps': [999]}]}
-        def evaluate(expression):
+        def evaluate(expression, timeout=20):
             nonlocal steam
             proc = subprocess.run(['node', str(ROOT / 'tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/cef_shim.js')],
                                   input=json.dumps({'id': 1, 'expression': expression, 'awaitPromise': True,
@@ -347,10 +403,35 @@ class SteamContextTests(unittest.TestCase):
                                 {slot: str(FIXTURES / 'icon.png') for slot in art.SLOTS})
             self.assertEqual(steam['shortcuts'][0]['name'], 'Renamed')
             self.assertEqual(steam['collections'][1]['apps'], [])
+            with patch.object(sys, 'argv', ['steam_shortcuts.py', 'list']), patch('builtins.print') as out:
+                shortcuts.main()
+            self.assertEqual(json.loads(out.call_args.args[0]),
+                             [{'appid': 42, 'name': 'Renamed', 'exe': '/exe', 'start_dir': '/dir'}])
             shortcuts.remove(42)
             self.assertEqual(steam['shortcuts'], [])
             self.assertEqual(steam['collections'][0]['apps'], [999])
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(__import__('shutil').which('node'), 'optional V8 fixture check requires node')
+    def test_remove_without_collections_or_artwork_api_still_removes(self):
+        steam = {'apps': [], 'shortcuts': [{'appid': 42, 'name': 'Game', 'exe': '"/home/steamos/devkit-game/G/g"',
+                                            'start_dir': '/home/steamos/devkit-game/G'}], 'compat_tools': {}}
+        def evaluate(expression, timeout=20):
+            nonlocal steam
+            expression = ('delete globalThis.collectionStore;'
+                          'SteamClient.Apps.ClearCustomArtworkForApp = async () => { throw Error("busy"); };' + expression)
+            proc = subprocess.run(['node', str(ROOT / 'tests/fakeframe/rootfs/usr/local/lib/fakeframe/cef_shim.js')],
+                                  input=json.dumps({'id': 1, 'expression': expression, 'awaitPromise': True,
+                                                    'steam': steam}) + '\n',
+                                  text=True, capture_output=True, timeout=10, check=True)
+            reply = json.loads(proc.stdout)
+            self.assertNotIn('exceptionDetails', reply['result'])
+            steam = reply['steam']
+            return reply['result']['result'].get('value')
+        with patch.object(shortcuts, 'evaluate', side_effect=evaluate):
+            result = shortcuts.remove(42)
+        self.assertEqual(steam['shortcuts'], [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(result['warnings']), 5)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_library_entrypoints.py b/tests/test_library_entrypoints.py
index e49104b..a8c59c6 100644
--- a/tests/test_library_entrypoints.py
+++ b/tests/test_library_entrypoints.py
@@ -81,12 +81,37 @@ class EntryPoints(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(result['kind'], 'apk')
         self.assert_art()
 
-    def test_refresh_api(self):
+    def test_refresh_api_covers_android_apps_and_titles(self):
         with patch.object(server, 'ensure_master'), \
                 patch.object(server, 'start_job', side_effect=lambda label, work: work()), \
-                patch.object(android, 'refresh_art', return_value=[]) as refresh:
-            self.assertEqual(server.android({'action':'refresh-art', 'all':True}), {'apps':[]})
-        refresh.assert_called_once_with(None)
+                patch.object(android, 'refresh_art', return_value=[]) as refresh, \
+                patch.object(titles, 'refresh_art', return_value=[{'id':'G','error':'x'}]) as title_refresh:
+            self.assertEqual(server.android({'action':'refresh-art', 'all':True}),
+                             {'apps':[], 'titles':[{'id':'G','error':'x'}]})
+            refresh.assert_called_once_with(); title_refresh.assert_called_once_with()
+            server.titles({'action':'refresh-art', 'id':'G'})
+            title_refresh.assert_called_with('G')
+
+    def test_backfill_applies_missing_art_once_steam_answers(self):
+        import threading
+        ran = threading.Event()
+        with patch.dict(server._backfill, {'running': False, 'last': 0.0}), \
+                patch.object(android, 'refresh_art', side_effect=[RuntimeError('odd'), None]) as refresh, \
+                patch.object(titles, 'refresh_art', side_effect=lambda gid: ran.set()) as title_refresh:
+            apps = [{'package':'org.a.x','art_missing':True}, {'package':'org.b.x','art_missing':True},
+                    {'package':'org.c.x','art_missing':False}]
+            with contextlib.redirect_stderr(io.StringIO()):
+                self.assertTrue(server.backfill_art(apps=apps, titles=[{'id':'G','art_missing':True}]))
+                self.assertTrue(ran.wait(5))
+            self.assertFalse(server.backfill_art(apps=apps))  # throttled
+        self.assertEqual([c.args for c in refresh.call_args_list], [('org.a.x',), ('org.b.x',)])
+        title_refresh.assert_called_once_with('G')
+        self.assertFalse(server.backfill_art(apps=[{'package':'org.c.x','art_missing':False}]))
+
+    def test_art_missing_flags(self):
+        self.assertTrue(android.art_missing({'artwork': {}}))
+        self.assertTrue(android.art_missing({'artwork': {'grid': 'x'}}))
+        self.assertFalse(android.art_missing({'artwork': {s: 'x' for s in artwork.SLOTS}}))
 
     def test_source_search_shared_installer_contract(self):
         # Source workers hand their download and optional images to this public seam.
@@ -110,11 +135,83 @@ class EntryPoints(unittest.TestCase):
         config = next(c.args for c in self.api.call_args_list if c.args[0] == 'configure')
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(config[8])['category'], 'Sideloaded')
         self.assertEqual(config[3:5], ('',''))  # Never replace devkit's executable/runtime wiring.
+        self.assertEqual(config[6], '')  # nor the VR flag the title declares
+        self.assertEqual(set(result['artwork']), set(artwork.SLOTS))
 
     def test_native_renamed_shortcut_uses_saved_identity(self):
         self.api.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: '[{"appid":42,"name":"Renamed"}]'
         with patch.object(titles, 'ssh', return_value='{"shortcut":42}'):
-            self.assertEqual(titles._library_shortcut('Original', 'Original'), 42)
+            self.assertEqual(titles._library_shortcut('Original', '/home/steamos/devkit-game/Original'), 42)
+
+    def test_native_shortcut_never_matched_by_name_alone(self):
+        d = '/home/steamos/devkit-game/Game'
+        shortcuts = [{'appid':1,'name':'Game','exe':'"/home/steamos/.local/bin/game"','start_dir':'/home/steamos'},
+                     {'appid':2,'name':'Other','exe':'"/home/steamos/devkit-game/Game2/g.exe"','start_dir':''}]
+        self.api.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: json.dumps(shortcuts)
+        with patch.object(titles, 'ssh', return_value=''):
+            self.assertIsNone(titles._library_shortcut('Game', d))
+            shortcuts.append({'appid':3,'name':'Renamed','exe':'"/home/steamos/devkit-game/Game/bin/g.exe"','start_dir':''})
+            self.assertEqual(titles._library_shortcut('Game', d), 3)
+            shortcuts.append({'appid':4,'name':'Copy','exe':'','start_dir':d})
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(android.FrameError, 'ambiguous'):
+                titles._library_shortcut('Game', d)
+
+    def test_native_cleanup_failure_keeps_original_error(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as root:
+            plan = {'id':'Example','name':'Example','root':root,'size':3,'target':'game.exe',
+                    'runtime':'proton-experimental','source':'example.zip'}
+            def ssh(cmd, **kwargs):
+                if 'steamos-prepare-upload' in cmd: return '{"directory":"/home/steamos/devkit-game/Example"}'
+                if 'steam-client-create-shortcut' in cmd: return '{"success":"registered"}'
+                return ''
+            def steam(*args, **kwargs):
+                if args[0] == 'remove': raise android.FrameError('Steam went away')
+                return self.steam(*args)
+            self.api.side_effect = steam
+            with patch.object(titles, 'ssh', side_effect=ssh), patch.object(titles, 'ensure_utils'), \
+                    patch.object(titles, '_copy_tree'), patch.object(titles, '_rsync', return_value=True), \
+                    patch.object(android, 'apply_library', side_effect=android.FrameError('render failed')):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(android.FrameError, 'render failed'):
+                    titles._install(plan, lambda *args: None)
+
+    def test_native_remove_survives_steam_being_down(self):
+        cmds = []
+        def ssh(cmd, **kwargs):
+            cmds.append(cmd)
+            return 'yes' if 'test -d' in cmd else '/home/steamos' if 'HOME' in cmd else ''
+        self.api.side_effect = android.FrameError('SharedJSContext not found')
+        with patch.object(titles, 'ssh', side_effect=ssh), patch.object(titles, 'ensure_utils'):
+            titles.remove('Game')
+        self.assertTrue(any('steamos-delete --delete-title Game' in c for c in cmds))
+
+    def test_native_refresh_art_backfills_registered_title(self):
+        meta = {'id':'Game','name':'My Game','source':'game.zip'}
+        writes = []
+        def ssh(cmd, input=None, **kwargs):
+            if 'test -d' in cmd: return 'yes'
+            if 'HOME' in cmd: return '/home/steamos'
+            if cmd.startswith('cat devkit-game/Game-framecontrol.json'): return json.dumps(meta)
+            if cmd == 'python3 -':
+                self.assertIn("/home/steamos/devkit-game/Game/.frame-artwork", input)
+                return json.dumps({'artwork': {'banner': 'YmFubmVy'}, 'icon': ''})
+            if cmd.startswith('cat > devkit-game/Game-framecontrol.json'): writes.append(json.loads(input))
+            return ''
+        shortcuts = [{'appid':7,'name':'My Game','exe':'','start_dir':'/home/steamos/devkit-game/Game'}]
+        self.api.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: json.dumps(shortcuts) if args[0] == 'list' else self.steam(*args)
+        with patch.object(titles, 'ssh', side_effect=ssh), \
+                patch.object(artwork, 'prepare', return_value=({}, [])) as prepare:
+            result = titles.refresh_art('Game')
+        self.assertEqual(prepare.call_args.args[2], {'banner': b'banner'})
+        self.assertEqual(result['shortcut'], 7)
+        self.assertEqual(set(writes[-1]['artwork']), set(artwork.SLOTS))
+        self.assert_art()
+        shortcuts.clear()
+        with patch.object(titles, 'ssh', side_effect=ssh), \
+                patch.object(titles, 'list_titles', return_value=[{'id':'Game','name':'My Game','frame_control':True},
+                                                                 {'id':'Valve','name':'V','frame_control':False}]):
+            results = titles.refresh_art()
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
+        self.assertIn("hasn't registered", results[0]['error'])
 
     def test_native_failure_removes_new_blank_shortcut(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as root:
@@ -140,8 +237,10 @@ class EntryPoints(unittest.TestCase):
         stop.assert_not_called(); copy.assert_not_called(); self.assert_art()
 
     def test_all_refresh_reports_partial_failures(self):
+        import http.client
         with patch.object(android, 'list_apps', return_value=[{'package':'org.a.game'},{'package':'org.b.game'}]), \
-                patch.object(android, '_meta_or_fail', side_effect=android.FrameError('missing')):
+                patch.object(android, '_meta_or_fail', side_effect=[http.client.RemoteDisconnected('gone'),
+                                                                    AttributeError('odd')]):
             result=android.refresh_art()
         self.assertEqual(len(result),2)
         self.assertTrue(all('error' in a for a in result))
@@ -173,7 +272,7 @@ class SteamGridDB(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_exact_match_and_top_votes_per_slot(self):
         calls=[]
-        def get(path,key):
+        def get(path,key,deadline=None):
             calls.append(path)
             if 'search' in path: return [{'id':1,'name':'Other Game'},{'id':2,'name':'Game'}]
             dims=(600,900) if '600x900' in path else (920,430)
@@ -186,6 +285,17 @@ class SteamGridDB(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(all(url.endswith('/top.png') for url in images.values()))
         self.assertTrue(all('/game/2?' in p for p in calls[1:]))
 
+    def test_unicode_titles_match_exactly_and_symbols_never_match_all(self):
+        self.assertEqual(sgdb._name('ビートセイバー VR!'), 'ビートセイバーvr')
+        with patch.object(sgdb,'api_key',return_value='test-key'), \
+                patch.object(sgdb,'_get',return_value=[{'id':1,'name':'Unrelated'},{'id':2,'name':'!!!'}]) as get:
+            self.assertEqual(sgdb.lookup('★★★'),({},[]))
+            get.assert_not_called()
+            self.assertEqual(sgdb.lookup('ビートセイバー'),({},[]))
+        with patch.object(sgdb,'api_key',return_value='test-key'), \
+                patch.object(sgdb,'_get',side_effect=AttributeError("'list' object has no attribute 'get'")):
+            self.assertEqual(sgdb.lookup('Game')[0],{})
+
     def test_wrong_title_and_failed_lookup_fall_back(self):
         with patch.object(sgdb,'api_key',return_value='test-key'),patch.object(sgdb,'_get',return_value=[{'id':1,'name':'Unrelated'}]):
             self.assertEqual(sgdb.lookup('Game'),({},[]))
diff --git a/tests/test_server.py b/tests/test_server.py
index ec389bd..47334c2 100644
--- a/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_server.py
@@ -235,6 +235,56 @@ class ServerGuards(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 @unittest.skipIf(os.name == "nt", "runs on the Frame (Linux); local-bin/ssh is a POSIX shell script")
+class ArtworkSettings(unittest.TestCase):
+    """The settings panel's endpoints, with and without the page's X-Frame-UI key."""
+
+    def test_settings_need_and_accept_the_ui_key(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as home:
+            port = free_port()
+            env = {**os.environ, "FRAME_ALIAS": "frame-control-test.invalid", "PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE": "1",
+                   "HOME": home, "APPDATA": home, "XDG_DATA_HOME": home}
+            for name in ("STEAMGRIDDB_API_KEY", "FRAME_STEAMGRIDDB_API_KEY", "FRAME_UI_KEY"):
+                env.pop(name, None)
+            proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, str(ROOT / "ui" / "server.py"), "--port", str(port)],
+                                    env=env, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+            try:
+                def request(method, path, body=None, headers=None):
+                    conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("127.0.0.1", port, timeout=10)
+                    conn.request(method, path, body=json.dumps(body).encode() if body is not None else None,
+                                 headers=headers or {})
+                    r = conn.getresponse()
+                    payload = r.read()
+                    conn.close()
+                    return r.status, payload
+                for _ in range(100):
+                    try:
+                        if request("GET", "/")[0] == 200:
+                            break
+                    except OSError:
+                        time.sleep(0.05)
+                key = {"X-Frame-UI": "1", "Content-Type": "application/json"}
+                self.assertEqual(request("GET", "/api/settings/artwork")[0], 403)
+                self.assertEqual(request("POST", "/api/settings/artwork", {"steamgriddb_api_key": "abc"})[0], 403)
+                status, payload = request("GET", "/api/settings/artwork", headers=key)
+                self.assertEqual((status, json.loads(payload)["steamgriddb_configured"]), (200, False))
+                status, payload = request("POST", "/api/settings/artwork", {"steamgriddb_api_key": "abc_1"}, key)
+                self.assertEqual((status, json.loads(payload)["steamgriddb_configured"]), (200, True))
+                self.assertNotIn(b"abc_1", payload)
+                status, payload = request("GET", "/api/settings/artwork", headers=key)
+                self.assertTrue(json.loads(payload)["steamgriddb_configured"])
+                self.assertEqual(request("POST", "/api/settings/artwork", {"steamgriddb_api_key": "a b"}, key)[0], 400)
+            finally:
+                proc.terminate()
+                proc.wait(timeout=10)
+
+    def test_panel_script_uses_the_keyed_api_helper(self):
+        script = (ROOT / "ui" / "artwork-settings.js").read_text()
+        self.assertNotIn("fetch(", script)
+        self.assertIn("api('/api/settings/artwork'", script)
+        page = (ROOT / "ui" / "index.html").read_text()
+        self.assertLess(page.index("async function api("), page.index('<script src="/artwork-settings.js">'))
+
+
 class LocalMode(unittest.TestCase):
     """FRAME_LOCAL=1, as the iPhone app starts the server on the Frame: its own key
     guards /api/, and ssh goes to ui/local-bin/ssh, which runs commands here."""
diff --git a/ui/apk_sources/_images.py b/ui/apk_sources/_images.py
index df71483..5b91081 100644
--- a/ui/apk_sources/_images.py
+++ b/ui/apk_sources/_images.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import secrets
 import socket
 import ssl
 import threading
+import time
 from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlsplit
 
 from apk_sources import SourceError
@@ -62,16 +63,25 @@ def image_type(data):
     raise SourceError('Artwork is not a supported image')
 
 
-def fetch(url, redirects=3):
+def fetch(url, redirects=3, deadline=None, limit=MAX_IMAGE):
+    """deadline: time.monotonic() value by which the whole fetch, redirects included, must finish."""
     if not valid_url(url):
         raise SourceError('Artwork URL is not allowed')
+
+    def remaining():
+        if deadline is None:
+            return 10
+        left = deadline - time.monotonic()
+        if left <= 0:
+            raise SourceError('Artwork download took too long')
+        return min(10, left)
     p = urlsplit(url)
     port = p.port or (443 if p.scheme == 'https' else 80)
     addresses = socket.getaddrinfo(p.hostname, port, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
     if not addresses or any(not ipaddress.ip_address(a[4][0]).is_global for a in addresses):
         raise SourceError('Private network artwork is not allowed')
     # Connect to the checked IP, never resolve again between validation and use.
-    sock = socket.create_connection((addresses[0][4][0], port), timeout=10)
+    sock = socket.create_connection((addresses[0][4][0], port), timeout=remaining())
     conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(p.hostname, port, timeout=10)
     try:
         if p.scheme == 'https':
@@ -81,15 +91,22 @@ def fetch(url, redirects=3):
         if p.query:
             path += '?' + p.query
         conn.request('GET', path, headers={'User-Agent': 'FrameControl/0.3.1', 'Accept': 'image/png,image/jpeg,image/webp,image/gif'})
+        sock.settimeout(remaining())
         response = conn.getresponse()
         if response.status in (301, 302, 303, 307, 308) and redirects:
             target = urljoin(url, response.getheader('Location', ''))
             conn.close()
-            return fetch(target, redirects - 1)
+            return fetch(target, redirects - 1, deadline, limit)
         if response.status != 200:
             raise SourceError('Artwork is unavailable')
-        data = response.read(MAX_IMAGE + 1)
-        if len(data) > MAX_IMAGE:
+        data = b''
+        while len(data) <= limit:
+            sock.settimeout(remaining())
+            chunk = response.read(min(65536, limit + 1 - len(data)))
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+            data += chunk
+        if len(data) > limit:
             raise SourceError('Artwork is too large')
         return data, image_type(data)
     finally:
diff --git a/ui/artwork-settings.js b/ui/artwork-settings.js
index 5d815fd..73b23ca 100644
--- a/ui/artwork-settings.js
+++ b/ui/artwork-settings.js
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
+// Uses index.html's api(), which sends the X-Frame-UI key every /api call needs.
 (() => {
   const get=id=>document.getElementById(id), status=get('steamGridStatus');
-  async function request(url,body) {
-    const r=await fetch(url,body===undefined?{}:{method:'POST',headers:{'Content-Type':'application/json'},body:JSON.stringify(body)});
-    const data=await r.json(); if(!r.ok) throw Error(data.error||'Request failed'); return data;
-  }
   function show(data) {
     status.textContent=data.environment?'SteamGridDB key is set by an environment variable.':
       data.steamgriddb_configured?'SteamGridDB key saved.':'No key configured. Source images and generated art are enabled.';
   }
   async function save(value) {
-    try {show(await request('/api/settings/artwork',{steamgriddb_api_key:value}));get('steamGridKey').value='';}
+    try {show(await api('/api/settings/artwork',{steamgriddb_api_key:value}));get('steamGridKey').value='';}
     catch(e) {status.textContent=e.message;}
   }
   get('saveSteamGridKey').onclick=()=>save(get('steamGridKey').value.trim());
@@ -17,15 +14,17 @@
   get('refreshAndroidArt').onclick=async()=>{
     const button=get('refreshAndroidArt');button.disabled=true;
     try {
-      const result=await runJob('Refresh Android artwork','android-artwork',()=>request('/api/android',{action:'refresh-art',all:true}));
+      const result=await runJob('Refresh library artwork','library-artwork',()=>api('/api/android',{action:'refresh-art',all:true}));
       if (result) {
-        const apps=Array.isArray(result.apps)?result.apps:[result.apps];
-        const failed=apps.filter(a=>a.error);
-        status.textContent=failed.length?`${failed.length} refresh failed: ${failed.map(a=>a.package+': '+a.error).join('; ')}`:
-          `Refreshed artwork for ${apps.length} apps.`;
+        const items=[...(result.apps||[]),...(result.titles||[])];
+        const failed=items.filter(a=>a.error);
+        status.textContent=failed.length?`${failed.length} of ${items.length} failed: ${failed.map(a=>(a.package||a.id)+': '+a.error).join('; ')}`:
+          `Refreshed artwork for ${items.length} apps and titles.`;
+        if (typeof loadAndroid==='function') loadAndroid();
+        if (typeof loadTitles==='function') loadTitles();
       }
     } catch(e) {status.textContent=e.message;}
     finally {button.disabled=false;}
   };
-  request('/api/settings/artwork').then(show).catch(e=>{status.textContent=e.message;});
+  api('/api/settings/artwork').then(show).catch(e=>{status.textContent=e.message;});
 })();
diff --git a/ui/frame_android.py b/ui/frame_android.py
index e029644..024e15f 100644
--- a/ui/frame_android.py
+++ b/ui/frame_android.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Python stdlib only. CLI: python3 ui/frame_android.py
   install-obb PKG OBB [OBB ...] | backup-data PKG ARCHIVE | restore-data PKG ARCHIVE
   refresh-art PKG|--all | patch SRC DST [--add NAME=PATH ...] | list | launch PKG | stop PKG | remove PKG | probe PKG
 """
-import json, os, re, shlex, shutil, struct, subprocess, sys, threading, time, zlib
+import base64, json, os, re, shlex, shutil, struct, subprocess, sys, threading, time, zlib
 
 import frame_apk
 import frame_artwork
@@ -220,9 +220,11 @@ def _install(apk_path, info, pkg, flatscreen, name, source, artwork=None):
 
 
 
-def apply_library(shortcut, label, directory, images, vr=False, home=None, exe='', start_dir='', details=None,
+def apply_library(shortcut, label, directory, images, vr=None, home=None, exe='', start_dir='', details=None,
                   category='Android'):
-    """Mandatory for every sideload: render all five slots before reporting success."""
+    """Mandatory for every sideload: render all five slots before reporting success.
+
+    vr None leaves Steam's VR flag as it is (devkit titles declare their own)."""
     home = home or ssh('echo $HOME').strip()
     d = directory
     ssh(f'mkdir -p {shlex.quote(d)}/artwork')
@@ -235,12 +237,13 @@ def apply_library(shortcut, label, directory, images, vr=False, home=None, exe='
     plan = f'{d}/artwork/input.json'
     ssh(f'cat > {shlex.quote(plan)}', input=json.dumps(manifest))
     absolute = f'{home}/{plan}' if not plan.startswith('/') else plan
-    rendered = json.loads(shortcut_tool('render', absolute, timeout=120))
+    # The Frame retries once with generated art, each attempt allowed 75 s.
+    rendered = json.loads(shortcut_tool('render', absolute, timeout=200))
     art = rendered['paths']
     if set(art) != set(frame_artwork.SLOTS):
         raise FrameError('Steam artwork renderer did not produce every slot')
     result = json.loads(shortcut_tool('configure', str(shortcut), label, exe, start_dir, art['icon'],
-                                     '1' if vr else '0', json.dumps(art),
+                                     '' if vr is None else '1' if vr else '0', json.dumps(art),
                                      json.dumps({'category': category, 'details': details or {}}), timeout=120))
     result['warnings'] = rendered.get('warnings', []) + result.get('warnings', [])
     result['artwork'] = art
@@ -249,6 +252,31 @@ def apply_library(shortcut, label, directory, images, vr=False, home=None, exe='
     return result
 
 
+def cached_art_script(d):
+    """Frame-side Python that loads the source images kept beside d's last render into `cached`."""
+    return f"""import base64, json, os
+cached = {{}}
+directory = os.path.realpath({d!r})
+try:
+    with open(os.path.join(directory, 'artwork/input.json')) as f:
+        plan = json.load(f)
+    for slot, path in plan.get('images', {{}}).items():
+        if os.path.commonpath([os.path.realpath(path), directory]) != directory:
+            continue
+        with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+            data = f.read(12 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)
+        if len(data) <= 12 * 1024 * 1024:
+            cached[slot] = base64.b64encode(data).decode()
+except (OSError, ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError):
+    pass
+"""
+
+
+def art_missing(m):
+    """True when a Frame Control install has no complete Steam artwork on record."""
+    return set((m or {}).get('artwork') or {}) != set(frame_artwork.SLOTS)
+
+
 def refresh_art(pkg=None, artwork=None):
     """Refresh existing APK library entries without reinstalling or stopping them."""
     if pkg is None:
@@ -256,8 +284,8 @@ def refresh_art(pkg=None, artwork=None):
         for app in list_apps():
             try:
                 results.append(refresh_art(app['package'], artwork))
-            except (FrameError, OSError, ValueError) as e:
-                results.append({'package': app['package'], 'error': str(e)})
+            except Exception as e:  # one app's failure must not stop the others
+                results.append({'package': app['package'], 'label': app.get('label'), 'error': str(e) or type(e).__name__})
         return results
     with _install_lock:
         m = _meta_or_fail(pkg)
@@ -272,24 +300,8 @@ def refresh_art(pkg=None, artwork=None):
             script += f'm = types.ModuleType({module!r}); sys.modules[{module!r}] = m; exec({source!r}, m.__dict__)\n'
         script += f"info = sys.modules['frame_apk'].apk_info({(d + '/app.apk')!r})\n"
         script += "info['icon_png'] = base64.b64encode(info.get('icon_png') or b'').decode()\n"
-        script += "import os\ninfo['artwork'] = {}\n"
-        script += f"directory = os.path.realpath({d!r})\n"
-        script += """try:
-    with open(os.path.join(directory, 'artwork/input.json')) as f:
-        cached = json.load(f)
-    for slot, path in cached.get('images', {}).items():
-        if os.path.commonpath([os.path.realpath(path), directory]) != directory:
-            continue
-        with open(path, 'rb') as f:
-            data = f.read(12 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)
-        if len(data) <= 12 * 1024 * 1024:
-            info['artwork'][slot] = base64.b64encode(data).decode()
-except (OSError, ValueError, TypeError):
-    pass
-print(json.dumps(info))
-"""
+        script += cached_art_script(d) + "info['artwork'] = cached\nprint(json.dumps(info))\n"
         info = json.loads(ssh('python3 -', input=script))
-        import base64
         icon = base64.b64decode(info['icon_png'])
         cached = {k: base64.b64decode(v) for k, v in info.get('artwork', {}).items()}
         images, warnings = frame_artwork.prepare(m['label'], icon, artwork if artwork is not None else cached)
@@ -306,7 +318,10 @@ print(json.dumps(info))
                                    home=home, exe=f'{home}/{d}/launch.sh', start_dir=f'{home}/{d}', details=m)
         except Exception:
             if created:
-                shortcut_tool('remove', str(m['shortcut']))
+                try:
+                    shortcut_tool('remove', str(m['shortcut']))
+                except FrameError:
+                    pass  # keep the render error, not the cleanup's
             raise
         m.update(artwork=result.get('artwork', {}), library_version=2)
         m['library_warnings'] = warnings + result.get('warnings', [])
@@ -362,6 +377,7 @@ def list_apps():
             continue
         if m:
             m['running'] = f"lepton-steamlaunch-{m['instance']}" in running
+            m['art_missing'] = art_missing(m)
             apps.append(m)
     return sorted(apps, key=lambda m: m['label'].lower())
 
@@ -398,8 +414,12 @@ def remove(pkg, keep_data=False):
     m = _meta_or_fail(pkg)
     stop(pkg)
     if m['shortcut']:
-        result = json.loads(shortcut_tool('remove', str(int(m['shortcut']))) or '{}')
-        m['library_warnings'] = result.get('warnings', [])
+        # Best effort: Steam may not be running, and the files must still go.
+        try:
+            result = json.loads(shortcut_tool('remove', str(int(m['shortcut']))) or '{}')
+            m['library_warnings'] = result.get('warnings', [])
+        except (FrameError, ValueError, AttributeError) as e:
+            m['library_warnings'] = [f'Steam shortcut not removed: {e}']
     iid = int(m['instance'])
     extra = '' if keep_data else f' {COMPAT}/{iid} {SHADERS}/{iid}'
     ssh(f'rm -rf {APPS_DIR}/{pkg}{extra}')
@@ -518,6 +538,8 @@ def main():
             r = (backup_data if cmd == 'backup-data' else restore_data)(*args)
         elif cmd == 'list':
             r = list_apps()
+            if any(a['art_missing'] for a in r):
+                print('Some apps have no Steam artwork: python3 ui/frame_android.py refresh-art --all', file=sys.stderr)
         elif cmd in ('launch', 'stop', 'probe'):
             r = globals()[cmd](args[0])
         elif cmd == 'remove':
diff --git a/ui/frame_artwork.py b/ui/frame_artwork.py
index 41ed93f..13db919 100644
--- a/ui/frame_artwork.py
+++ b/ui/frame_artwork.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 """Bounded artwork inputs for Steam library canvas rendering."""
 import struct
-import urllib.parse
-import urllib.request
+import time
 import zlib
 
 SLOTS = {'grid': (600, 900), 'wide': (920, 430), 'hero': (3840, 1240),
          'logo': (1280, 480), 'icon': (256, 256)}
 MAX_IMAGE = 12 * 1024 * 1024
-MAX_PIXELS = 8_000_000
+MAX_PIXELS = 4096 * 4096  # a 4K screenshot; Chromium decodes it on the Frame
 PNG = b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n'
 
 
@@ -15,107 +14,28 @@ def chunk(kind, data):
     return struct.pack('>I', len(data)) + kind + data + struct.pack('>I', zlib.crc32(kind + data))
 
 
-def png(width, height, pixels):
-    stride = width * 4
-    raw = b''.join(b'\0' + pixels[y * stride:(y + 1) * stride] for y in range(height))
-    return PNG + chunk(b'IHDR', struct.pack('>IIBBBBB', width, height, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0)) + \
-        chunk(b'IDAT', zlib.compress(raw, 6)) + chunk(b'IEND', b'')
-
-
-def decode(data):
-    """Non-interlaced PNG, including packed palette/grayscale APK icons."""
-    if not isinstance(data, bytes) or not data.startswith(PNG) or len(data) > MAX_IMAGE:
-        raise ValueError('expected a PNG image (at most 12 MiB)')
-    pos, packed, palette, alpha, header = 8, bytearray(), b'', b'', None
-    while pos + 12 <= len(data):
-        size = struct.unpack_from('>I', data, pos)[0]
-        kind, body = data[pos + 4:pos + 8], data[pos + 8:pos + 8 + size]
-        if pos + size + 12 > len(data):
-            raise ValueError('truncated PNG')
-        crc = struct.unpack_from('>I', data, pos + 8 + size)[0]
-        if zlib.crc32(kind + body) != crc:
-            raise ValueError('invalid PNG checksum')
-        if kind == b'IHDR':
-            if header is not None or size != 13:
-                raise ValueError('invalid PNG header')
-            header = struct.unpack('>IIBBBBB', body)
-        elif kind == b'PLTE':
-            palette = body
-        elif kind == b'tRNS':
-            alpha = body
-        elif kind == b'IDAT':
-            packed.extend(body)
-        elif kind == b'IEND':
-            break
-        pos += size + 12
-    else:
-        raise ValueError('incomplete PNG')
-    if header is None:
-        raise ValueError('missing PNG header')
-    w, h, depth, color, compression, filtering, interlace = header
-    channels = {0: 1, 2: 3, 3: 1, 4: 2, 6: 4}.get(color)
+def png_size(data):
+    """IHDR dimensions of a PNG of any bit depth or interlace; Steam's Chromium decodes the pixels."""
+    if len(data) < 33 or data[12:16] != b'IHDR' or struct.unpack_from('>I', data, 8)[0] != 13:
+        raise ValueError('invalid PNG header')
+    if zlib.crc32(data[12:29]) != struct.unpack_from('>I', data, 29)[0]:
+        raise ValueError('invalid PNG checksum')
+    w, h, depth, color = struct.unpack_from('>IIBB', data, 16)
+    if color not in (0, 2, 3, 4, 6) or depth not in (1, 2, 4, 8, 16):
+        raise ValueError('unsupported PNG encoding')
     if not w or not h or w * h > MAX_PIXELS or w > 8192 or h > 8192:
         raise ValueError('PNG dimensions exceed limits')
-    if not channels or compression or filtering or interlace or depth not in (1, 2, 4, 8) or (depth != 8 and color not in (0, 3)):
-        raise ValueError('unsupported PNG encoding')
-    stride, bpp = (w * channels * depth + 7) // 8, max(1, channels * depth // 8)
-    expected = h * (stride + 1)
-    decoder = zlib.decompressobj()
-    raw = decoder.decompress(bytes(packed), expected + 1)
-    if len(raw) != expected or not decoder.eof:
-        raise ValueError('invalid PNG pixels')
-    pixels, prev = bytearray(), bytearray(stride)
-    for y in range(h):
-        start = y * (stride + 1)
-        method, row = raw[start], bytearray(raw[start + 1:start + 1 + stride])
-        if method > 4:
-            raise ValueError('invalid PNG filter')
-        for x in range(stride):
-            a, b, c = row[x - bpp] if x >= bpp else 0, prev[x], prev[x - bpp] if x >= bpp else 0
-            if method == 1:
-                row[x] = (row[x] + a) & 255
-            elif method == 2:
-                row[x] = (row[x] + b) & 255
-            elif method == 3:
-                row[x] = (row[x] + (a + b) // 2) & 255
-            elif method == 4:
-                p = a + b - c
-                distances = (abs(p - a), abs(p - b), abs(p - c))
-                row[x] = (row[x] + (a, b, c)[distances.index(min(distances))]) & 255
-        for x in range(w):
-            if depth < 8:
-                value = (row[x * depth // 8] >> (8 - depth - x * depth % 8)) & ((1 << depth) - 1)
-                values = [value]
-            else:
-                values = row[x * channels:(x + 1) * channels]
-            if color == 3:
-                i = values[0]
-                if i * 3 + 3 > len(palette):
-                    raise ValueError('invalid PNG palette')
-                rgba = palette[i * 3:i * 3 + 3] + bytes([alpha[i] if i < len(alpha) else 255])
-            elif color in (0, 4):
-                gray = values[0] * 255 // ((1 << depth) - 1)
-                opacity = values[1] if color == 4 else (0 if alpha == struct.pack('>H', values[0]) else 255)
-                rgba = bytes([gray, gray, gray, opacity])
-            else:
-                opacity = values[3] if color == 6 else (0 if alpha == struct.pack('>HHH', *values) else 255)
-                rgba = bytes(values[:3]) + bytes([opacity])
-            pixels.extend(rgba)
-        prev = row
-    return w, h, pixels
+    return w, h
 
 
 def image_type(data):
     if not isinstance(data, bytes) or len(data) > MAX_IMAGE:
         raise ValueError('artwork must be image bytes or an HTTP(S) URL, at most 12 MiB')
     if data.startswith(PNG):
-        try:
-            decode(data)
-        except (zlib.error, struct.error) as e:
-            raise ValueError('invalid PNG image') from e
+        png_size(data)
         return 'png'
-    if data.startswith(b'\xff\xd8') and data.endswith(b'\xff\xd9'):
-        # Check JPEG SOF dimensions without depending on an image library.
+    if data.startswith(b'\xff\xd8'):
+        # Check JPEG SOF dimensions without depending on an image library; trailing padding is fine.
         pos = 2
         while pos + 4 <= len(data) and data[pos] == 255:
             marker = data[pos + 1]
@@ -126,7 +46,7 @@ def image_type(data):
             size = struct.unpack_from('>H', data, pos)[0]
             if size < 2 or pos + size > len(data):
                 break
-            if marker in (0xc0, 0xc1, 0xc2) and size >= 8:
+            if 0xc0 <= marker <= 0xcf and marker not in (0xc4, 0xc8, 0xcc) and size >= 8:
                 h, w = struct.unpack_from('>HH', data, pos + 3)
                 if w and h and w * h <= MAX_PIXELS and max(w, h) <= 8192:
                     return 'jpg'
@@ -135,59 +55,53 @@ def image_type(data):
     raise ValueError('artwork must be a supported PNG or JPEG')
 
 
-def stamp(pixels, width, icon, x, y, size):
-    iw, ih, source = icon
-    dw, dh = max(1, size * iw // max(iw, ih)), max(1, size * ih // max(iw, ih))
-    x, y = x + (size - dw) // 2, y + (size - dh) // 2
-    for yy in range(dh):
-        for xx in range(dw):
-            src = ((yy * ih // dh) * iw + xx * iw // dw) * 4
-            dst = ((y + yy) * width + x + xx) * 4
-            a = source[src + 3]
-            for c in range(3):
-                pixels[dst + c] = (source[src + c] * a + pixels[dst + c] * (255 - a)) // 255
-            pixels[dst + 3] = a + pixels[dst + 3] * (255 - a) // 255
-
-
-
-def fetch(value):
+def fetch(value, deadline=None):
     if isinstance(value, str):
-        if urllib.parse.urlsplit(value).scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
-            raise ValueError('artwork URLs must use HTTP(S)')
-        request = urllib.request.Request(value, headers={'User-Agent': 'FrameControl/1.0'})
-        with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=20) as response:
-            if urllib.parse.urlsplit(response.geturl()).scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
-                raise ValueError('artwork redirect must use HTTP(S)')
-            value = response.read(MAX_IMAGE + 1)
+        from apk_sources import _images
+        # Public addresses only, at most three redirects, within the overall deadline.
+        value = _images.fetch(value, deadline=deadline, limit=MAX_IMAGE)[0]
     return image_type(value), value
 
 
-def prepare(label, icon_png=None, artwork=None):
-    """Gather inputs; the Frame's Chromium canvas renders every final slot."""
+def prepare(label, icon_png=None, artwork=None, budget=90):
+    """Gather inputs; the Frame's Chromium canvas renders every final slot.
+
+    Every source is optional: any failure falls back to generated art, within budget seconds overall."""
     import frame_steamgriddb
     artwork = artwork or {}
     allowed = set(SLOTS) | {'banner', 'feature_graphic', 'screenshots', 'screenshot'}
     if not isinstance(artwork, dict) or set(artwork) - allowed:
         raise ValueError('unknown artwork slot')
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + budget
     supplied, warnings = {}, []
+
+    def get(value):
+        try:
+            return fetch(value, deadline)
+        except Exception:  # an optional source never blocks the install; generated art covers it
+            return None
     for slot, value in artwork.items():
         values = value if slot == 'screenshots' and isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) else [value]
         for candidate in values[:4]:
-            try:
-                supplied['screenshot' if slot == 'screenshots' else slot] = fetch(candidate)
+            image = get(candidate)
+            if image:
+                supplied['screenshot' if slot == 'screenshots' else slot] = image
                 break
-            except (ValueError, OSError):
-                warnings.append('Source ' + slot + ' unavailable; using fallback art')
+        else:
+            warnings.append('Source ' + slot + ' unavailable; using fallback art')
     if 'icon' not in supplied and icon_png:
-        try:
-            supplied['icon'] = fetch(icon_png)
-        except (ValueError, OSError):
-            pass
-    provider, provider_warnings = frame_steamgriddb.lookup(label)
+        image = get(icon_png)
+        if image:
+            supplied['icon'] = image
+    try:
+        provider, provider_warnings = frame_steamgriddb.lookup(label, deadline)
+    except Exception:
+        provider, provider_warnings = {}, ['SteamGridDB unavailable; using source or generated art']
     warnings.extend(provider_warnings)
     for slot, value in provider.items():
-        try:
-            supplied[slot] = fetch(value)
-        except (ValueError, OSError):
+        image = get(value)
+        if image:
+            supplied[slot] = image
+        else:
             warnings.append('SteamGridDB ' + slot + ' download failed; using fallback art')
     return supplied, warnings
diff --git a/ui/frame_steamgriddb.py b/ui/frame_steamgriddb.py
index 2a580c9..6384d3d 100644
--- a/ui/frame_steamgriddb.py
+++ b/ui/frame_steamgriddb.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import json
 import os
 import re
 import tempfile
+import time
+import unicodedata
 import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request
 
@@ -48,36 +50,42 @@ def save_settings(body):
     return settings()
 
 
-def _get(path, key):
+def _get(path, key, deadline=None):
+    timeout = 12 if deadline is None else min(12, deadline - time.monotonic())
+    if timeout <= 0:
+        raise ValueError('SteamGridDB lookup took too long')
     request = urllib.request.Request(API + path, headers={'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + key,
                                                          'User-Agent': 'FrameControl/1.0'})
     # Do not carry the credential to redirects or include it in error messages.
     class NoRedirect(urllib.request.HTTPRedirectHandler):
         def redirect_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
             return None
-    with urllib.request.build_opener(NoRedirect()).open(request, timeout=12) as response:
+    with urllib.request.build_opener(NoRedirect()).open(request, timeout=timeout) as response:
         data = response.read(MAX_JSON + 1)
     if len(data) > MAX_JSON:
         raise ValueError('SteamGridDB response too large')
     result = json.loads(data)
-    if not result.get('success') or not isinstance(result.get('data'), list):
+    if not isinstance(result, dict) or not result.get('success') or not isinstance(result.get('data'), list):
         raise ValueError('SteamGridDB lookup failed')
     return result['data']
 
 
 def _name(value):
-    return re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9]', '', str(value).casefold())
+    # Letters and digits of any script, so a CJK title never normalises to ''.
+    return ''.join(c for c in unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', str(value or '')).casefold() if c.isalnum())
 
 
-def lookup(name):
+def lookup(name, deadline=None):
     """Best-voted art per slot for an exact title match; unrelated games are never guessed."""
     key = api_key()
     if not key:
         return {}, []
     try:
-        matches = _get('/search/autocomplete/' + urllib.parse.quote(name, safe=''), key)
-        names = {_name(name), _name(re.sub(r'\s+VR$', '', name, flags=re.I))}
-        game = next((g for g in matches if _name(g.get('name')) in names), None)
+        names = {_name(name), _name(re.sub(r'\s+VR$', '', name, flags=re.I))} - {''}
+        if not names:
+            return {}, []
+        matches = _get('/search/autocomplete/' + urllib.parse.quote(name, safe=''), key, deadline)
+        game = next((g for g in matches if isinstance(g, dict) and _name(g.get('name')) in names), None)
         if not game:
             return {}, []
         gid = int(game['id'])
@@ -88,16 +96,17 @@ def lookup(name):
                 query = {'types': 'static', 'nsfw': 'false', 'humor': 'false', 'mimes': 'image/png,image/jpeg'}
                 if dimensions:
                     query['dimensions'] = dimensions
-                records = _get('/' + kind + '/game/' + str(gid) + '?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(query), key)
-                records = [r for r in records if r.get('url', '').startswith('https://') and not r.get('nsfw')]
+                records = _get('/' + kind + '/game/' + str(gid) + '?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(query), key, deadline)
+                records = [r for r in records if isinstance(r, dict) and str(r.get('url', '')).startswith('https://')
+                           and not r.get('nsfw')]
                 if dimensions:
                     w, h = map(int, dimensions.split('x'))
                     records = [r for r in records if (r.get('width'), r.get('height')) == (w, h)]
                 records.sort(key=lambda r: (int(r.get('score') or 0), int(r.get('upvotes') or 0)), reverse=True)
                 if records:
                     result[slot] = records[0]['url']
-            except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError):
+            except Exception:  # HTTPException, odd JSON: this slot falls back
                 warnings.append('SteamGridDB ' + slot + ' unavailable; using source or generated art')
         return result, warnings
-    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError):
+    except Exception:
         return {}, ['SteamGridDB unavailable; using source or generated art']
diff --git a/ui/frame_titles.py b/ui/frame_titles.py
index d2d3588..c0832f8 100644
--- a/ui/frame_titles.py
+++ b/ui/frame_titles.py
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ checked on a headset; see docs/sideloading.md.
 Python stdlib only. CLI:
   python3 ui/frame_titles.py inspect PATH
   python3 ui/frame_titles.py install PATH [--name N] [--exe REL] [--runtime R]
-  python3 ui/frame_titles.py list | launch ID | remove ID
+  python3 ui/frame_titles.py list | launch ID | remove ID | refresh-art ID|--all
 """
-import hashlib, json, os, posixpath, re, shlex, shutil, stat, struct, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading, time, zipfile
+import base64, hashlib, json, os, posixpath, re, shlex, shutil, stat, struct, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading, time, zipfile
 
 import frame_android
 import frame_host
@@ -704,12 +704,13 @@ def _install(plan, step, artwork=None):
             hint = ' With Steam running on the Frame, install it again.' if 'not running' in err else ''
             raise FrameError(f"Uploaded, but Steam didn't register it: {err}.{hint}")
         steam_registered = True
-        shortcut = _library_shortcut(gid, plan['name'])
+        shortcut = _library_shortcut(gid, directory)
         if not shortcut:
             raise FrameError('Steam registered the title but its shortcut is not available for mandatory artwork; retry install')
         result = frame_android.apply_library(shortcut, plan['name'], directory + '/.frame-artwork', images,
                                              category='Sideloaded', details={'source': plan['source']})
-        meta.update(shortcut=shortcut, library_warnings=warnings + result.get('warnings', []))
+        meta.update(shortcut=shortcut, artwork=result.get('artwork', {}),
+                    library_warnings=warnings + result.get('warnings', []))
         ssh(f'cat > {GAMES}/{gid}-framecontrol.json', input=json.dumps(meta, indent=1), timeout=30)
         library_ready = True
         step('Done', 1.0)
@@ -717,11 +718,15 @@ def _install(plan, step, artwork=None):
         return meta
     finally:
         if steam_registered and not library_ready and not existed:
-            # A newly registered title must not remain as a blank library tile.
-            if shortcut:
-                frame_android.shortcut_tool('remove', str(shortcut))
-            else:
-                ssh(f'{PY}steamos-delete --delete-title {gid}', timeout=120)
+            # A newly registered title must not remain as a blank library tile. Cleanup
+            # failures are swallowed so the error that got us here is the one reported.
+            try:
+                if shortcut:
+                    frame_android.shortcut_tool('remove', str(shortcut))
+                else:
+                    ssh(f'{PY}steamos-delete --delete-title {gid}', timeout=120)
+            except FrameError:
+                pass
             registered = False
         if not registered and not existed:
             # A first install that failed part-way: don't leave an orphan folder behind.
@@ -732,22 +737,86 @@ def _install(plan, step, artwork=None):
 
 
 
-def _library_shortcut(gid, name):
+def _library_shortcut(gid, directory):
+    """The Steam shortcut of title gid, only ever one that is provably this title's.
+
+    Steam's app overviews don't expose devkit_gameid (checked 2026-09-28, build 20260925.6191901),
+    so after the saved id this matches the shortcut's executable or start folder inside directory.
+    Never by display name: another non-Steam shortcut could share it and would be renamed or deleted.
+    """
     shortcuts = json.loads(frame_android.shortcut_tool('list'))
     matches = [s for s in shortcuts if s.get('devkit_gameid') == gid]
     if not matches:
         try:
-            meta = json.loads(ssh(f'cat {GAMES}/{gid}-framecontrol.json 2>/dev/null || true'))
-            matches = [s for s in shortcuts if s.get('appid') == meta.get('shortcut')]
+            meta = json.loads(ssh(f'cat {GAMES}/{gid}-framecontrol.json 2>/dev/null || true') or 'null')
+            matches = [s for s in shortcuts if meta.get('shortcut') and s.get('appid') == meta.get('shortcut')]
         except (ValueError, AttributeError):
             pass
     if not matches:
-        matches = [s for s in shortcuts if s.get('name') in (gid, name)]
+        root = posixpath.normpath(directory)
+
+        def inside(path):
+            path = str(path or '').strip().strip('"')
+            return bool(path) and (posixpath.normpath(path) + '/').startswith(root + '/')
+        matches = [s for s in shortcuts if inside(s.get('exe')) or inside(s.get('start_dir'))]
     if len(matches) > 1:
         raise FrameError('ambiguous Steam shortcut for ' + gid)
     return int(matches[0]['appid']) if matches else None
 
 
+def _home():
+    return ssh('echo $HOME', timeout=30).strip()
+
+
+def refresh_art(gid=None, artwork=None):
+    """Render and apply Steam artwork for Frame Control's titles (all of them when gid is None)."""
+    if gid is None:
+        results = []
+        for t in list_titles():
+            if not t['frame_control']:
+                continue
+            try:
+                results.append(refresh_art(t['id'], artwork))
+            except Exception as e:  # report each title; one failure doesn't stop the rest
+                results.append({'id': t['id'], 'name': t['name'], 'error': str(e) or type(e).__name__})
+        return results
+    with _install_lock:
+        gid = _check_id(gid)
+        try:
+            meta = json.loads(ssh(f'cat {GAMES}/{gid}-framecontrol.json', timeout=30))
+        except (FrameError, ValueError):
+            meta = None
+        if not isinstance(meta, dict):
+            raise FrameError(f'{gid} was not installed by Frame Control')
+        directory = f'{_home()}/{GAMES}/{gid}'
+        script = frame_android.cached_art_script(directory + '/.frame-artwork') + f"""
+icon = ''
+for name in ('icon.png', 'logo.png'):
+    try:
+        with open(os.path.join({directory!r}, name), 'rb') as f:
+            icon = base64.b64encode(f.read(12 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)).decode()
+        break
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+print(json.dumps({{'artwork': cached, 'icon': icon}}))
+"""
+        found = _json_out(ssh('python3 -', input=script, timeout=60), 'the title artwork')
+        cached = {k: base64.b64decode(v) for k, v in (found.get('artwork') or {}).items()}
+        icon = base64.b64decode(found.get('icon') or '') or None
+        name = str(meta.get('name') or gid)
+        images, warnings = frame_android.frame_artwork.prepare(name, icon, artwork if artwork is not None else cached)
+        shortcut = _library_shortcut(gid, directory)
+        if not shortcut:
+            raise FrameError(f"Steam hasn't registered {gid} yet; with Steam running on the Frame, refresh again")
+        result = frame_android.apply_library(shortcut, name, directory + '/.frame-artwork', images,
+                                             category='Sideloaded', details={'source': meta.get('source')})
+        meta.update(shortcut=shortcut, artwork=result.get('artwork', {}),
+                    library_warnings=warnings + result.get('warnings', []),
+                    artwork_refreshed=time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'))
+        ssh(f'cat > {GAMES}/{gid}-framecontrol.json', input=json.dumps(meta, indent=1), timeout=30)
+        return meta
+
+
 LIST_SCRIPT = r'''
 import json, os
 root = os.path.expanduser('~/devkit-game')
@@ -783,7 +852,7 @@ def list_titles():
                        'runtime': alias, 'runtime_label': RUNTIMES.get(alias, {}).get('label', alias or 'not set'),
                        'source': str(meta.get('source') or ''), 'size': meta.get('size'),
                        'installed': meta.get('installed'), 'registered': t.get('settings') is not None,
-                       'frame_control': bool(meta)})
+                       'frame_control': bool(meta), 'art_missing': bool(meta) and frame_android.art_missing(meta)})
     return titles
 
 
@@ -814,9 +883,13 @@ def remove(gid):
     try:
         gid = _check_id(gid)
         ensure_utils()
-        shortcut = _library_shortcut(gid, gid)
-        if shortcut:
-            frame_android.shortcut_tool('remove', str(shortcut))
+        # Tidying Steam's side is best effort; steamos-delete removes the title regardless.
+        try:
+            shortcut = _library_shortcut(gid, f'{_home()}/{GAMES}/{gid}')
+            if shortcut:
+                frame_android.shortcut_tool('remove', str(shortcut))
+        except (FrameError, ValueError):
+            pass
         # steamos-delete removes the folder and syncs Steam's shortcuts; its json files stay, so clear them too.
         ssh(f'{PY}steamos-delete --delete-title {gid}', timeout=120)
         ssh(f'rm -f {_json_files(gid)}', timeout=30)
@@ -860,8 +933,15 @@ def main():
                         progress=lambda text, _: print(text + '…', file=sys.stderr))
         elif cmd == 'list':
             r = list_titles()
+            if any(t['art_missing'] for t in r):
+                print('Some titles have no Steam artwork: python3 ui/frame_titles.py refresh-art --all', file=sys.stderr)
         elif cmd in ('launch', 'remove') and args:
             r = globals()[cmd](args[0])
+        elif cmd == 'refresh-art' and args:
+            r = refresh_art(None if args[0] == '--all' else args[0])
+            if isinstance(r, list) and any('error' in t for t in r):
+                print(json.dumps(r, indent=1))
+                raise SystemExit(1)
         else:
             sys.exit(__doc__)
     except FrameError as e:
diff --git a/ui/index.html b/ui/index.html
index fb9011f..f1999a4 100644
--- a/ui/index.html
+++ b/ui/index.html
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@
         <a href="https://www.steamgriddb.com/profile/preferences/api" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Get a free key</a>
       </div>
       <div id="steamGridStatus" class="hint" role="status"></div>
-      <button id="refreshAndroidArt" class="small" style="margin-top:12px">Refresh installed Android artwork</button>
+      <button id="refreshAndroidArt" class="small" style="margin-top:12px">Refresh artwork for installed apps and titles</button>
     </section>
     <section class="panel" id="power">
       <div class="shelf-head"><h2>Remote &amp; power</h2></div>
@@ -1801,6 +1801,7 @@ async function loadTitles() {
     <div class="item">
       <div class="grow"><div class="t">${esc(t.id)}</div>
         <div class="s" title="${esc(t.target)}">${esc(t.runtime_label)}${t.target ? " · " + esc(t.target) : ""}</div></div>
+      ${t.art_missing ? `<button class="small" data-title="refresh-art" data-id="${esc(t.id)}" title="Its Steam library tile has no artwork yet">Add artwork</button>` : ""}
       <button class="play small" data-title="launch" data-id="${esc(t.id)}" title="Launch in the headset">▶</button>
       <button class="small danger" data-title="remove" data-id="${esc(t.id)}">Remove</button>
     </div>`).join("") : `<div class="sub">None yet.</div>`;
@@ -1812,6 +1813,9 @@ $("titleList").onclick = async e => {
     if (!confirm(`Remove ${id} and its files from the Frame?`)) return;
     await act(`Remove ${id}`, () => api("/api/titles", { action: "remove", id }), b);
     loadTitles();
+  } else if (b.dataset.title === "refresh-art") {
+    await runJob(`Add Steam artwork for ${id}`, "art-" + id, () => api("/api/titles", { action: "refresh-art", id }));
+    loadTitles();
   } else await act(`Launch ${id}`, () => api("/api/titles", { action: "launch", id }), b);
 };
 loadTitles();
@@ -2133,6 +2137,7 @@ async function loadAndroid() {
       <div class="row and-btns">
         ${a.running ? `<button class="small" data-and="stop" data-pkg="${esc(a.package)}">Stop</button>`
                     : `<button class="play small" data-and="launch" data-pkg="${esc(a.package)}">▶</button>`}
+        ${a.art_missing ? `<button class="small" data-and="refresh-art" data-pkg="${esc(a.package)}" data-name="${esc(a.label)}" title="Its Steam library tile has no artwork yet">Add artwork</button>` : ""}
         <button class="small" data-and="probe" data-pkg="${esc(a.package)}" title="Launch it and record whether it stays up">Test</button>
         <button class="small" data-and="rate" data-pkg="${esc(a.package)}" data-ver="${esc(a.version)}" data-name="${esc(a.label)}" data-src="${esc(a.source || "")}" title="Report how it worked">Report</button>
         <button class="small danger" data-and="remove" data-pkg="${esc(a.package)}" data-name="${esc(a.label)}">Remove</button>
@@ -2215,6 +2220,8 @@ document.body.addEventListener("click", async e => {
   } else if (action === "remove") {
     if (!confirm(`Remove ${b.dataset.name} and its data from the Frame?`)) return;
     await act(`Remove ${b.dataset.name}`, () => api("/api/android", { action, package: pkg }), b);
+  } else if (action === "refresh-art") {
+    await runJob(`Add Steam artwork for ${b.dataset.name}`, "art-" + pkg, () => api("/api/android", { action, package: pkg }));
   } else if (action === "rate") {
     openReport({ package: pkg, version: b.dataset.ver, label: b.dataset.name, source: b.dataset.src });
     return;
diff --git a/ui/server.py b/ui/server.py
index 8a0fa01..da00b00 100755
--- a/ui/server.py
+++ b/ui/server.py
@@ -148,6 +148,39 @@ _jobs_lock = threading.Lock()
 _jobs = {}  # id -> {"label", "done", "error", "message", "result", "time"}
 
 
+_backfill = {"running": False, "last": 0.0}
+_backfill_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def backfill_art(apps=(), titles=()):
+    """Give installs that lack Steam artwork (Steam wasn't running, say) their art once Steam is up.
+
+    Runs in the background, at most once every five minutes; refresh-art reports failures on demand."""
+    pkgs = [a["package"] for a in apps if a.get("art_missing")]
+    gids = [t["id"] for t in titles if t.get("art_missing")]
+    with _backfill_lock:
+        if not (pkgs or gids) or _backfill["running"] or time.time() - _backfill["last"] < 300:
+            return False
+        _backfill.update(running=True, last=time.time())
+
+    def run():
+        try:
+            frame_android.shortcut_tool("list")  # Steam isn't up: try again on a later listing
+            for refresh, key in [(frame_android.refresh_art, p) for p in pkgs] + \
+                                [(frame_titles.refresh_art, g) for g in gids]:
+                try:
+                    refresh(key)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    print(f"artwork backfill for {key}: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        finally:
+            with _backfill_lock:
+                _backfill["running"] = False
+    threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
+    return True
+
+
 def start_job(label, work, progress=False):
     """Run work() in the background. It returns a dict with a "message"."""
     now = time.time()
@@ -599,8 +632,11 @@ def android(body):
         if action == "refresh-art":
             if not pkg and not body.get("all"):
                 raise Failure('choose a package or all apps', 400)
+            if not body.get('all'):
+                return start_job('Refresh Steam artwork', lambda: {'apps': [frame_android.refresh_art(pkg)]})
+            # Everything Frame Control sideloaded: Android apps and devkit titles.
             return start_job('Refresh Steam artwork', lambda: {
-                'apps': frame_android.refresh_art(None if body.get('all') else pkg)})
+                'apps': frame_android.refresh_art(), 'titles': frame_titles.refresh_art()})
         if action in ("launch", "stop"):
             m = getattr(frame_android, action)(pkg)
             return {"message": f"{'Launching' if action == 'launch' else 'Stopped'} {m['label']}"}
@@ -717,12 +753,14 @@ def titles(body):
         threading.Thread(target=_run_title_install, daemon=True,
                          args=(token, entry, opt("name"), opt("exe"), opt("runtime"))).start()
         return {"message": f"Installing {entry['plan']['source']}", "job": token}
-    if action not in ("launch", "remove"):
+    if action not in ("launch", "remove", "refresh-art"):
         raise Failure("unknown action", 400)
     gid = str(body.get("id", ""))
     if not frame_titles.ID_RE.match(gid):
         raise Failure("bad title id", 400)
     ensure_master()
+    if action == "refresh-art":
+        return start_job(f"Steam artwork for {gid}", lambda: {"titles": [frame_titles.refresh_art(gid)]})
     try:
         m = getattr(frame_titles, action)(gid)
     except frame_android.FrameError as e:
@@ -1446,10 +1484,14 @@ class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
                 self.send_json(apk_versions(url.query))
             elif path == "/api/android":
                 ensure_master()
-                self.send_json({"apps": frame_android.list_apps()})
+                apps = frame_android.list_apps()
+                backfill_art(apps=apps)
+                self.send_json({"apps": apps})
             elif path == "/api/titles":
                 ensure_master()
-                self.send_json({"titles": frame_titles.list_titles()})
+                titles_list = frame_titles.list_titles()
+                backfill_art(titles=titles_list)
+                self.send_json({"titles": titles_list})
             elif path == "/api/titles/job":
                 self.send_json(title_job(url.query))
             elif path == "/api/job":