Merge PR #2 from darthcircuit: Quest 1 support

Adds the modernQuest and quest1 headset flavours (Kryo CPU target, direct-VR
library entry on Quest 1), records the CPU target in the game kit and checks
it wherever a kit or game package is used, and gates the Quest 1 EFB-copy and
pipeline-scheduling workarounds on the monterey device.

Resolved docs/quest-port.md by keeping both sides: the foveated rendering
section and the Quest 1 renderer compatibility section, and both Build-Quest.ps1
command lines.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows/QuestBuildService.cs

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ internal sealed class QuestBuildService
         var kitDirectory = Path.Combine(questRoot, "kit");
         _reporter.Progress(InstallStages.QuestKit, "Reading the game kit from the Quest app...", 2);
         var kit = ExtractKit(apkPath, kitDirectory, cancellationToken);
-        _reporter.Diagnostic($"Quest game kit {kit.Fingerprint} [{string.Join(", ", kit.Products)}]");
+        _reporter.Diagnostic($"Quest game kit {kit.Fingerprint} [{string.Join(", ", kit.Products)}, CPU {kit.AndroidCpu}]");
         if (!kit.Products.Contains(product))
         {
             throw new InvalidOperationException(
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ internal sealed class QuestBuildService
         File.Exists(Path.Combine(directory, "sys", "main.dol"));
 
     /// <summary>What the extracted kit says it builds: its fingerprint and the products it carries.</summary>
-    internal sealed record Kit(string Fingerprint, IReadOnlyCollection<string> Products);
+    internal sealed record Kit(string Fingerprint, string AndroidCpu, IReadOnlyCollection<string> Products);
 
     /// <summary>Extracts <c>assets/game_kit</c> from the Quest app's APK and reads what it is for.</summary>
     internal static Kit ExtractKit(string apkPath, string destination, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
@@ -219,11 +219,16 @@ internal sealed class QuestBuildService
         {
             throw new InvalidDataException("The Quest app's game kit has no fingerprint.");
         }
+        if (!document.RootElement.TryGetProperty("androidCpu", out var androidCpu) ||
+            androidCpu.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.String || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(androidCpu.GetString()))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The Quest app's game kit has no Android CPU target.");
+        }
         var products = document.RootElement.TryGetProperty("products", out var value) &&
                        value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object
             ? value.EnumerateObject().Select(property => property.Name).ToArray()
             : throw new InvalidDataException("The Quest app's game kit lists no games it can build.");
-        return new Kit(fingerprint.GetString()!, products);
+        return new Kit(fingerprint.GetString()!, androidCpu.GetString()!, products);
     }
 
     private async Task<Toolchain> EnsureToolchainAsync(string questRoot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows/SelfTests.cs

@@ -384,14 +384,14 @@ internal static class SelfTests
                     using var writer = new StreamWriter(zip.CreateEntry(name).Open());
                     writer.Write(text);
                 }
-                Add("assets/game_kit/kit.json", "{\"schema\":3,\"fingerprint\":\"abc123\",\"products\":{\"base\":{},\"retro_rewind\":{}}}");
+                Add("assets/game_kit/kit.json", "{\"schema\":3,\"fingerprint\":\"abc123\",\"androidCpu\":\"kryo\",\"products\":{\"base\":{},\"retro_rewind\":{}}}");
                 Add("assets/game_kit/include/memory.h", "#pragma once");
                 Add("assets/runtime_resources/dsp_coef.bin", "not the kit");
                 Add("lib/arm64-v8a/libSDL3.so", "not the kit");
             }
             var kit = Path.Combine(temp, "kit");
             var extracted = QuestBuildService.ExtractKit(apk, kit, CancellationToken.None);
-            if (extracted.Fingerprint != "abc123" || !extracted.Products.Contains("base") ||
+            if (extracted.Fingerprint != "abc123" || extracted.AndroidCpu != "kryo" || !extracted.Products.Contains("base") ||
                 !extracted.Products.Contains("retro_rewind"))
                 throw new Exception("The kit fingerprint or its games were not read.");
             if (!File.Exists(Path.Combine(kit, "include", "memory.h")) ||

android/Build-Quest.ps1

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Builds the standalone Meta Quest APK on a Windows host.
 #
 #   powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-Quest.ps1 [-Generated <dir>]
-#                                [-Configuration debug|release] [-Install]
+#                                [-Headset modern|quest1] [-Configuration debug|release] [-Install]
 #
 # One app offers both games: the APK carries a kit for the base game, and for Retro Rewind too
 # when -Generated holds a translation that includes the mod.
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ param(
     [string]$Generated = '',
     [string]$Dependencies = '',
     [string]$CMakeDir = '',
+    [ValidateSet('modern', 'quest1')] [string]$Headset = 'modern',
     [ValidateSet('debug', 'release')] [string]$Configuration = 'debug',
     [switch]$Install,
     [switch]$StockDawn
@@ -79,7 +80,9 @@ if (-not $Dependencies) {
 }
 
 $variant = (Get-Culture).TextInfo.ToTitleCase($Configuration)
-$task = "app:assemble$variant"
+$flavour = if ($Headset -eq 'quest1') { 'Quest1' } else { 'ModernQuest' }
+$expectedCpu = if ($Headset -eq 'quest1') { 'kryo' } else { 'cortex-a77' }
+$task = "app:assemble$flavour$variant"
 $gradleArgs = @(
     '--project-dir', $root,
     "-PmkwGeneratedDir=$Generated"
@@ -95,7 +98,8 @@ Write-Host "gradlew $($gradleArgs -join ' ')"
 & (Join-Path $root 'gradlew.bat') @gradleArgs
 if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Gradle failed ($LASTEXITCODE)" }
 
-$apkDir = Join-Path $root "app\build\outputs\apk\$Configuration"
+$flavourDir = if ($Headset -eq 'quest1') { 'quest1' } else { 'modernQuest' }
+$apkDir = Join-Path $root "app\build\outputs\apk\$flavourDir\$Configuration"
 $apk = Get-ChildItem -Path $apkDir -Filter '*.apk' | Select-Object -First 1
 if (-not $apk) { throw "No APK under $apkDir" }
 Write-Host "APK: $($apk.FullName)"
@@ -106,16 +110,25 @@ Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IO.Compression.FileSystem
 $archive = [IO.Compression.ZipFile]::OpenRead($apk.FullName)
 try {
     $gameLibraries = @($archive.Entries | Where-Object { $_.FullName -match '^lib/[^/]+/libmain[^/]*\.so$' })
-    $hasKit = @($archive.Entries | Where-Object { $_.FullName -eq 'assets/game_kit/kit.json' }).Count -gt 0
+    $kitEntry = @($archive.Entries | Where-Object { $_.FullName -eq 'assets/game_kit/kit.json' }) | Select-Object -First 1
+    $kitCpu = if ($kitEntry) {
+        $reader = New-Object IO.StreamReader($kitEntry.Open())
+        try { ($reader.ReadToEnd() | ConvertFrom-Json).androidCpu } finally { $reader.Dispose() }
+    } else { '' }
     $hasToolchain = @($archive.Entries | Where-Object { $_.FullName -eq 'assets/quest_toolchain/files.zip' }).Count -gt 0
 } finally { $archive.Dispose() }
 if ($gameLibraries.Count -gt 0) { throw "The APK contains a translated game library: $($gameLibraries.FullName -join ', ')" }
-if (-not $hasKit) { throw 'The APK has no game kit (assets/game_kit/kit.json)' }
+if (-not $kitEntry) { throw 'The APK has no game kit (assets/game_kit/kit.json)' }
+if ($kitCpu -ne $expectedCpu) { throw "The $Headset APK contains a game kit for CPU '$kitCpu', expected '$expectedCpu'" }
 if (-not $hasToolchain) { throw 'The APK has no build toolchain (assets/quest_toolchain/files.zip)' }
 
 if ($Install) {
     $adb = Join-Path $sdkRoot 'platform-tools\adb.exe'
     & $adb install -r $apk.FullName
     if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "adb install failed ($LASTEXITCODE)" }
-    Write-Host 'Installed. Build a game with Build on this Quest in the launcher, or on this PC with android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Install.'
+    if ($Headset -eq 'quest1') {
+        Write-Host 'Installed. Use WiiCompiled Settings for setup, then launch WiiCompiled VR directly from the library.'
+    } else {
+        Write-Host 'Installed. Build a game with Build on this Quest in the launcher, or on this PC with android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Install.'
+    }
 }

android/Build-QuestGame.ps1

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 # SDK's NDK and ninja:
 #
 #   powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 [-Generated <dir>] [-Kit <dir>]
+#                                    [-Headset modern|quest1] [-Configuration debug|release]
 #                                    [-Data <extracted disc dir>] [-Output <file.wcgame>] [-Install]
 #
 # WiiCompiled Setup's --build-quest runs the copy staged in an installation's BuildWorkspace\android,
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ param(
     [string]$Sysroot = '',
     [string]$Ninja = '',
     [string]$BuiltBy = 'android/Build-QuestGame.ps1',
+    [ValidateSet('modern', 'quest1')] [string]$Headset = 'modern',
+    [ValidateSet('debug', 'release')] [string]$Configuration = 'debug',
     [ValidateSet('base', 'retro_rewind')] [string]$Product = 'base',
     [string]$Mod = '',
     [int]$TranslatedJobs = 0,
@@ -44,12 +47,13 @@ $root = $PSScriptRoot
 $workspace = (Resolve-Path (Join-Path $root '..')).Path
 if (-not $Generated) { $Generated = Join-Path $workspace '.scratch\vr-build-workspace\BuildWorkspace\generated' }
 if (-not $Manifest) { $Manifest = Join-Path $workspace 'projects\mkwii\recomp.yml' }
-if (-not $BuildDir) { $BuildDir = Join-Path $root "app\build\questGame\$Product" }
+$variant = if ($Headset -eq 'quest1') { 'quest1' } else { 'modernQuest' }
+$variant += (Get-Culture).TextInfo.ToTitleCase($Configuration)
+if (-not $BuildDir) { $BuildDir = Join-Path $root "app\build\questGame\$variant\$Product" }
 if (-not $Kit) {
-    # The kit the last APK build packaged, so the game matches the app it will be imported into.
+    # Select the requested variant explicitly. Modification time is unsafe now that flavours use
-    $Kit = Get-ChildItem -Path (Join-Path $root 'app\build\generated') -Filter kit.json -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
+    # different -mcpu targets and an up-to-date native probe is not necessarily the newest one.
-        Where-Object { $_.Directory.Name -eq 'game_kit' } |
+    $Kit = Join-Path $root "app\build\generated\assets\questGameKit\$variant\game_kit"
-        Sort-Object LastWriteTime -Descending | Select-Object -First 1 | ForEach-Object { $_.DirectoryName }
 }
 if (-not $Kit -or -not (Test-Path (Join-Path $Kit 'kit.json'))) {
     throw 'No game kit; run Build-Quest.ps1 first, or pass -Kit'

android/Export-QuestGameKit.ps1

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@
 param(
     [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$CMakeBinaryDir,
     [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$OutputDir,
-    [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$LlvmStrip
+    [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$LlvmStrip,
+    [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$AndroidCpu
 )
 $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 Import-Module (Join-Path $PSScriptRoot 'QuestGameKit.psm1') -Force
 $repo = (Resolve-Path (Join-Path $PSScriptRoot '..')).Path
-$kit = Export-QuestGameKit -CMakeBinaryDir $CMakeBinaryDir -OutputDir $OutputDir -RepoRoot $repo -LlvmStrip $LlvmStrip
+$kit = Export-QuestGameKit -CMakeBinaryDir $CMakeBinaryDir -OutputDir $OutputDir -RepoRoot $repo -LlvmStrip $LlvmStrip -AndroidCpu $AndroidCpu
-Write-Host "Quest game kit $($kit.Fingerprint) [$($kit.Products -join ', ')] -> $OutputDir"
+Write-Host "Quest game kit $($kit.Fingerprint) [$($kit.Products -join ', '), CPU $AndroidCpu] -> $OutputDir"

android/QuestGameKit.psm1

@@ -268,10 +268,16 @@ function Export-QuestGameKit {
         [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$CMakeBinaryDir,
         [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$OutputDir,
         [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$RepoRoot,
-        [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$LlvmStrip
+        [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$LlvmStrip,
+        [Parameter(Mandatory)] [string]$AndroidCpu
     )
     $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
     $binary = ConvertTo-ForwardPath $CMakeBinaryDir
+    $cache = [IO.File]::ReadAllText("$binary/CMakeCache.txt")
+    $configuredCpu = [regex]::Match($cache, '(?m)^MKW_ANDROID_CPU(?::[^=\r\n]*)?=([^\r\n]+)\r?$').Groups[1].Value.Trim()
+    if ($configuredCpu -ne $AndroidCpu) {
+        throw "CMake tree $binary targets Android CPU '$configuredCpu', expected '$AndroidCpu'"
+    }
     $runtimeInclude = ConvertTo-ForwardPath (Join-Path $RepoRoot 'runtime/include')
     $ninja = [IO.File]::ReadAllText("$binary/build.ninja")
     $commands = Read-CompileCommands "$binary/compile_commands.json"
@@ -405,6 +411,7 @@ function Export-QuestGameKit {
 
     $recipe = [ordered]@{
         schema = $script:KitSchema
+        androidCpu = $AndroidCpu
         runtimeIncludeFingerprint = Get-RuntimeIncludeFingerprint (Join-Path $OutputDir 'include')
         products = $products
     }
@@ -445,10 +452,16 @@ function Invoke-QuestGameBuild {
     $workspace = ConvertTo-ForwardPath (Split-Path -Parent $generated)
     $recipe = [IO.File]::ReadAllText("$kit/kit.json") | ConvertFrom-Json
     if ($recipe.schema -ne $script:KitSchema) { throw "Unsupported game kit schema $($recipe.schema)" }
+    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($recipe.androidCpu)) { throw 'The game kit does not name its Android CPU target' }
     if (-not $recipe.products.PSObject.Properties.Name.Contains($Product)) {
         throw "This Quest app's game kit cannot build $Product (it has: $($recipe.products.PSObject.Properties.Name -join ', '))"
     }
     $productRecipe = $recipe.products.$Product
+    foreach ($kind in 'translated', 'product', 'runtime', 'asm') {
+        if (@($productRecipe.compile.$kind) -notcontains "-mcpu=$($recipe.androidCpu)") {
+            throw "The game kit says CPU '$($recipe.androidCpu)' but its $kind compile flags do not match"
+        }
+    }
     # The translation must come from the same release as the kit: its code is compiled against the
     # kit's runtime headers and linked with the kit's runtime objects.
     $workspaceInclude = Join-Path $workspace 'runtime/include'
@@ -460,6 +473,20 @@ function Invoke-QuestGameBuild {
     }
     New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force $BuildDir | Out-Null
     $build = ConvertTo-ForwardPath $BuildDir
+    # Ninja sees the response-file path in each command, not changes to that file's contents. A
+    # different kit can therefore otherwise reuse objects compiled with another flavour's -mcpu.
+    # Keep an explicit identity next to the build and discard every reusable native output when it
+    # changes. WiiCompiled Setup deliberately reuses one BuildDir across APK selections.
+    $identity = "$($recipe.fingerprint) $Product"
+    $identityFile = "$build/kit-identity.txt"
+    $previousIdentity = if (Test-Path $identityFile) { [IO.File]::ReadAllText($identityFile).Trim() } else { '' }
+    if ($previousIdentity -ne $identity) {
+        foreach ($stale in 'obj', 'libmain.so', '.ninja_deps', '.ninja_log') {
+            $path = "$build/$stale"
+            if (Test-Path $path) { Remove-Item -Recurse -Force $path }
+        }
+    }
+    [IO.File]::WriteAllText($identityFile, $identity, (New-Object Text.UTF8Encoding $false))
     $expand = { param([string]$s) $s.Replace('{kit}', $kit).Replace('{sysroot}', (ConvertTo-ForwardPath $Sysroot)).Replace('{workspace}', $workspace) }
 
     foreach ($kind in 'translated', 'product', 'runtime', 'asm') {
@@ -596,6 +623,7 @@ function New-QuestGamePackage {
         dolSha256 = $DolSha256
         relSha256 = $RelSha256
         kitFingerprint = $recipe.fingerprint
+        androidCpu = $recipe.androidCpu
         library = $recipe.products.$Product.output
         librarySha256 = Get-Sha256Hex $Library
         includesData = [bool]$DataDir

android/README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # WiiCompiled VR for Meta Quest (Android)
 
-Standalone Android/OpenXR build of the Mario Kart Wii recompilation for Quest 2,
+Standalone Android/OpenXR build of the Mario Kart Wii recompilation for Quest 1,
-Quest 3, Quest 3S and Quest Pro. The full design, build walkthrough and current
+Quest 2, Quest 3, Quest 3S and Quest Pro. The full design, build walkthrough and current
 status live in [docs/quest-port.md](../docs/quest-port.md); this directory only
 holds the Gradle project, its helper scripts, the game kit tooling
 (`QuestGameKit.psm1`, `Build-QuestGame.ps1`), the on-headset build toolchain
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ holds the Gradle project, its helper scripts, the game kit tooling
 ```powershell
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Prepare-QuestDependencies.ps1          # stages the SDL3 3.4.4 AAR once
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-Quest.ps1 -Install               # the app, debug-signed, installs over adb
+powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-Quest.ps1 -Headset quest1 -Install # Quest 1 flavour
 ```
 
 One app offers both games, with a toggle on Home: Mario Kart Wii and, when your
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ half an hour) or on a PC and imported:
 
 ```powershell
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Product base -Install
+powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Headset quest1 -Product base -Install
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Product retro_rewind -Mod <RetroRewind6> -Install
 ```
 

android/Run-Quest.ps1

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 # diagnostics for one session.
 #
 #   powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Run-Quest.ps1 [-Apk <path>] [-Data <extracted disc dir>]
-#                                                                  [-Seconds 60] [-NoLaunch] [-SkipInstall]
+#                         [-Headset modern|quest1] [-Configuration debug|release]
+#                         [-Seconds 60] [-NoLaunch] [-SkipInstall]
 #
 # -Data names the extracted disc partition (the directory holding sys/, files/,
 # disc/ ...). It is pushed once to a staging folder, then moved into the app's
@@ -24,6 +25,8 @@
 param(
     [string]$Apk = '',
     [string]$Data = '',
+    [ValidateSet('modern', 'quest1')] [string]$Headset = 'modern',
+    [ValidateSet('debug', 'release')] [string]$Configuration = 'debug',
     [int]$Seconds = 60,
     [switch]$NoLaunch,
     [switch]$SkipInstall
@@ -49,8 +52,10 @@ if (-not $devices) { throw 'No device in "device" state; check the Quest is conn
 
 if (-not $SkipInstall) {
     if (-not $Apk) {
-        $Apk = Get-ChildItem -Path (Join-Path $root 'app\build\outputs\apk') -Recurse -Filter '*.apk' |
+        $flavour = if ($Headset -eq 'quest1') { 'quest1' } else { 'modernQuest' }
-            Sort-Object LastWriteTime -Descending | Select-Object -First 1 | ForEach-Object FullName
+        $apkDir = Join-Path $root "app\build\outputs\apk\$flavour\$Configuration"
+        $Apk = Get-ChildItem -Path $apkDir -Filter '*.apk' -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
+            Select-Object -First 1 | ForEach-Object FullName
     }
     if (-not $Apk -or -not (Test-Path $Apk)) { throw 'No APK found; run Build-Quest.ps1 first or pass -Apk' }
     Write-Host "Installing $Apk"

android/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import javax.inject.Inject
+import org.gradle.api.provider.Property
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 plugins {
@@ -145,6 +146,34 @@ android {
         }
     }
 
+    flavorDimensions += "headset"
+    productFlavors {
+        create("modernQuest") {
+            dimension = "headset"
+            manifestPlaceholders["mkwQuestSupportedDevices"] = "quest2|quest3|quest3s|questpro"
+            buildConfigField("boolean", "QUEST1_DIRECT_LAUNCH", "false")
+            buildConfigField("String", "ANDROID_CPU", "\"cortex-a77\"")
+            externalNativeBuild {
+                cmake {
+                    // Snapdragon XR2 and newer. Keep this as the default build target.
+                    arguments += "-DMKW_ANDROID_CPU=cortex-a77"
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        create("quest1") {
+            dimension = "headset"
+            manifestPlaceholders["mkwQuestSupportedDevices"] = "quest|quest2"
+            buildConfigField("boolean", "QUEST1_DIRECT_LAUNCH", "true")
+            buildConfigField("String", "ANDROID_CPU", "\"kryo\"")
+            externalNativeBuild {
+                cmake {
+                    // Snapdragon 835. cortex-a77 binaries terminate with SIGILL on Quest 1.
+                    arguments += "-DMKW_ANDROID_CPU=kryo"
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     externalNativeBuild {
         cmake {
             // aurora-main needs CMake 3.25+, newer than the SDK's bundled 3.22.1;
@@ -201,6 +230,9 @@ abstract class ExportQuestGameKit : DefaultTask() {
     @get:Internal
     abstract val llvmStrip: RegularFileProperty
 
+    @get:Input
+    abstract val androidCpu: Property<String>
+
     @get:Inject
     abstract val execOperations: ExecOperations
 
@@ -212,18 +244,37 @@ abstract class ExportQuestGameKit : DefaultTask() {
     @TaskAction
     fun export() {
         val app = appDir.get().asFile
-        val probe = File(app, "build/intermediates/cxx").walkTopDown()
+        data class Candidate(val probe: File, val binaryDir: File, val cpu: String?)
+        fun cacheValue(cache: String, name: String): String? =
+            Regex("(?m)^${Regex.escape(name)}(?::[^=\\r\\n]*)?=([^\\r\\n]*)$")
+                .find(cache)?.groupValues?.get(1)?.trim()
+
+        val candidates = File(app, "build/intermediates/cxx").walkTopDown()
             .filter { it.name == "libmkw_quest_kit_probe.so" && it.parentFile.name == "arm64-v8a" }
-            .maxByOrNull { it.lastModified() }
+            .map { probe ->
-            ?: throw GradleException("No libmkw_quest_kit_probe.so; the native build did not produce the game kit probe")
+                val configuration = probe.parentFile.parentFile.parentFile // <Variant>/<hash>
-        val configuration = probe.parentFile.parentFile.parentFile // <BuildType>/<hash>
+                val binaryDir = File(app, ".cxx/${configuration.parentFile.name}/${configuration.name}/arm64-v8a")
-        val binaryDir = File(app, ".cxx/${configuration.parentFile.name}/${configuration.name}/arm64-v8a")
+                val cacheFile = File(binaryDir, "CMakeCache.txt")
-        if (!File(binaryDir, "build.ninja").isFile) throw GradleException("No CMake tree at $binaryDir")
+                val cache = cacheFile.takeIf { it.isFile }?.readText().orEmpty()
+                Candidate(probe, binaryDir, cacheValue(cache, "MKW_ANDROID_CPU"))
+            }
+            .toList()
+        val expectedCpu = androidCpu.get()
+        val matching = candidates.filter {
+            it.cpu == expectedCpu && File(it.binaryDir, "build.ninja").isFile
+        }
+        val chosen = matching.maxByOrNull { it.probe.lastModified() }
+            ?: throw GradleException(
+                "No CMake tree for Android CPU $expectedCpu. Found: " +
+                    candidates.joinToString { "${it.binaryDir} (cpu=${it.cpu})" }
+            )
+        val binaryDir = chosen.binaryDir
         val kitDir = File(outputDir.get().asFile, "game_kit")
         execOperations.exec {
             commandLine(
                 "powershell", "-NoProfile", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File", script.get().asFile.path,
                 "-CMakeBinaryDir", binaryDir.path, "-OutputDir", kitDir.path, "-LlvmStrip", llvmStrip.get().asFile.path,
+                "-AndroidCpu", expectedCpu,
             )
         }
     }
@@ -273,6 +324,8 @@ androidComponents {
             dependsOn("merge${capitalized}NativeLibs")
             appDir.set(layout.projectDirectory)
             script.set(rootProject.layout.projectDirectory.file("Export-QuestGameKit.ps1"))
+            androidCpu.set(if (variant.name.startsWith("quest1", ignoreCase = true)) "kryo" else "cortex-a77")
+            outputDir.set(layout.buildDirectory.dir("generated/assets/questGameKit/${variant.name}"))
             llvmStrip.set(sdkComponents.ndkDirectory.map {
                 it.file("toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/$host/bin/llvm-strip" + if (host.startsWith("windows")) ".exe" else "")
             })

android/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -50,12 +50,13 @@
         android:label="@string/app_name"
         android:theme="@style/Theme.WiiCompiled.Quest">
 
-        <meta-data android:name="com.oculus.supportedDevices" android:value="quest2|quest3|quest3s|questpro" />
+        <meta-data android:name="com.oculus.supportedDevices" android:value="${mkwQuestSupportedDevices}" />
         <meta-data android:name="com.oculus.vr.focusaware" android:value="true" />
         <!-- Let the runtime move CPU budget to the GPU; Aurora's replay is GPU-bound. -->
         <meta-data android:name="com.oculus.trade_cpu_for_gpu_amount" android:value="-1" />
 
-        <!-- The app opens on this 2D panel: Play starts QuestActivity, Settings edits Config.toml. -->
+        <!-- The setup panel: Play starts QuestActivity on modern Horizon OS; the
+             Quest 1 flavour exposes it as a separate Settings library entry. -->
         <activity
             android:name=".launcher.LauncherActivity"
             android:configChanges="keyboard|keyboardHidden|navigation|orientation|screenLayout|screenSize|smallestScreenSize|uiMode|density"
@@ -68,10 +69,6 @@
                 android:defaultHeight="640dp"
                 android:minWidth="760dp"
                 android:minHeight="520dp" />
-            <intent-filter>
-                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
-                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
-            </intent-filter>
         </activity>
 
         <!-- Extracts the player's disc image and imports games built on a PC (launcher process). -->
@@ -97,11 +94,6 @@
             <property
                 android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_XR_ACTIVITY_START_MODE"
                 android:value="XR_ACTIVITY_START_MODE_FULL_SPACE_UNMANAGED" />
-            <intent-filter>
-                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
-                <category android:name="com.oculus.intent.category.VR" />
-                <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
-            </intent-filter>
         </activity>
     </application>
 

android/app/src/main/java/org/wiicompiled/quest/GameLibrary.kt

@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ object GameLibrary {
         if (manifest == null || !library(context, profile).isFile) {
             return Status.Missing
         }
-        return if (manifest.optString("kitFingerprint") == kitFingerprint(context)) Status.Ready else Status.Stale
+        return if (manifest.optString("kitFingerprint") == kitFingerprint(context) &&
+            manifest.optString("androidCpu") == BuildConfig.ANDROID_CPU
+        ) Status.Ready else Status.Stale
     }
 }

android/app/src/main/java/org/wiicompiled/quest/launcher/GameBuild.kt

@@ -140,6 +140,9 @@ object GameBuild {
             if (kitJson.optInt("schema") != KIT_SCHEMA) {
                 return "This app's game kit is version ${kitJson.optInt("schema")}, which this builder does not know."
             }
+            if (kitJson.optString("androidCpu") != BuildConfig.ANDROID_CPU) {
+                return "This app contains a game kit for ${kitJson.optString("androidCpu")}, but this build requires ${BuildConfig.ANDROID_CPU}."
+            }
             val recipe = kitJson.getJSONObject("products").optJSONObject(profile.id)
                 ?: return "This app's game kit cannot build ${profile.id}."
             report(40, Step.Prepare)
@@ -646,6 +649,7 @@ object GameBuild {
                     .put("dolSha256", BuildConfig.DISC_DOL_SHA256)
                     .put("relSha256", BuildConfig.DISC_REL_SHA256)
                     .put("kitFingerprint", kitFingerprint)
+                    .put("androidCpu", BuildConfig.ANDROID_CPU)
                     .put("library", GameLibrary.LIBRARY_NAME)
                     .put("librarySha256", BuildRecipe.hex(digest.digest()))
                     .put("includesData", false)

android/app/src/main/java/org/wiicompiled/quest/launcher/GamePackageImport.kt

@@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ object GamePackageImport {
         if (manifest.optString("kitFingerprint") != GameLibrary.kitFingerprint(context)) {
             return "This game file was built for a different version of this app. Build it again against the version installed on the headset."
         }
+        if (manifest.optString("androidCpu") != BuildConfig.ANDROID_CPU) {
+            return "This game file targets ${manifest.optString("androidCpu")}, but this app requires ${BuildConfig.ANDROID_CPU}. Build it again for the correct headset."
+        }
         val expected = manifest.optString("librarySha256")
         if (librarySha256 == null) {
             return "This game file has no game library (libmain.so)."

android/app/src/main/java/org/wiicompiled/quest/launcher/LauncherActivity.kt

@@ -815,6 +815,10 @@ class LauncherActivity : Activity() {
     }
 
     private fun play() {
+        if (BuildConfig.QUEST1_DIRECT_LAUNCH) {
+            Toast.makeText(this, R.string.home_quest1_launch_from_library, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
+            return
+        }
         if (launching) {
             return
         }

android/app/src/main/res/values/strings.xml

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <resources>
     <string name="app_name">WiiCompiled VR</string>
+    <string name="quest1_settings_name">WiiCompiled Settings</string>
     <string name="missing_game_data_title">Game data not found</string>
     <string name="missing_game_data_message">Copy the extracted DATA directory of your own PAL RMCP01 Mario Kart Wii disc to:\n\n%1$s\n\nFor example with adb: adb push DATA /sdcard/Android/data/org.wiicompiled.quest/files/WiiCompiledOpenXRVR/DATA\n\nThen start the app again.</string>
 
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@
     <string name="home_replace_title">Replace the game files?</string>
     <string name="home_replace_message">Your current DATA folder stays until the new disc image has been checked and completely extracted.</string>
     <string name="home_launch_failed">The game could not be started.</string>
+    <string name="home_quest1_launch_from_library">Quest 1 cannot switch this settings panel into VR. Close it, then launch WiiCompiled VR from your library.</string>
     <string name="home_close_game_first">Close the game first.</string>
     <string name="home_reset">Reset installation</string>
     <string name="home_reset_title">Reset the installation?</string>

android/app/src/modernQuest/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <application>
+        <!-- Modern Horizon OS can move from this 2D setup panel into immersive VR. -->
+        <activity android:name=".launcher.LauncherActivity">
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
+            </intent-filter>
+        </activity>
+
+        <activity android:name=".QuestActivity">
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="com.oculus.intent.category.VR" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
+            </intent-filter>
+        </activity>
+    </application>
+</manifest>

android/app/src/quest1/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <application>
+        <!-- Quest 1's final Horizon OS cannot promote a running 2D panel to an
+             immersive activity. Put the game itself in the library instead. -->
+        <activity android:name=".QuestActivity">
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="com.oculus.intent.category.VR" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
+            </intent-filter>
+            <intent-filter android:priority="1">
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
+            </intent-filter>
+        </activity>
+
+        <activity-alias
+            android:name=".SettingsLauncher"
+            android:exported="true"
+            android:label="@string/quest1_settings_name"
+            android:targetActivity=".launcher.LauncherActivity">
+            <intent-filter android:priority="-1">
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
+            </intent-filter>
+        </activity-alias>
+    </application>
+</manifest>

aurora-main/lib/dolphin/gx/GXFrameBuffer.cpp

@@ -15,8 +15,25 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#endif
 
 namespace {
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+bool quest1_direct_display_copy() noexcept {
+  static const bool enabled = [] {
+    char device[PROP_VALUE_MAX]{};
+    return __system_property_get("ro.product.device", device) > 0 && std::strcmp(device, "monterey") == 0;
+  }();
+  return enabled;
+}
+#else
+constexpr bool quest1_direct_display_copy() noexcept { return false; }
+#endif
+
 struct CopyClearState {
   bool clearColor = false;
   bool clearAlpha = false;
@@ -417,7 +434,15 @@ void GXCopyDisp(void* dest, GXBool clear) {
   const auto logicalDstHeight = std::max<u32>(
       g_gxState.dispCopyDstHeight != 0 ? g_gxState.dispCopyDstHeight : static_cast<u32>(g_gxState.dispCopySrc.height),
       1);
-  const auto [dstWidth, dstHeight] = scale_copy_dst(logicalDstWidth, logicalDstHeight);
+  auto [dstWidth, dstHeight] = scale_copy_dst(logicalDstWidth, logicalDstHeight);
+  if (quest1_direct_display_copy()) {
+    // The Quest 1's Adreno 540 driver renders Aurora's filtered display
+    // copy as uniform black/white. Keeping the destination identical to the
+    // resolved EFB region selects WebGPU's plain CopyTextureToTexture path;
+    // the later presentation pass performs the final screen scaling.
+    dstWidth = static_cast<u32>(std::max(rect.width, 1));
+    dstHeight = static_cast<u32>(std::max(rect.height, 1));
+  }
 
   if (!g_gxState.displayCopyTexture || g_gxState.displayCopyWidth != dstWidth ||
       g_gxState.displayCopyHeight != dstHeight) {
@@ -431,6 +456,15 @@ void GXCopyDisp(void* dest, GXBool clear) {
   if (aurora::g_config.disableCopyFilter) {
     copyFilter = {0, copyFilter[0] + copyFilter[1] + copyFilter[2], 0};
   }
+  if (quest1_direct_display_copy()) {
+    copyFilter = {0, 64, 0};
+    static bool questDirectDisplayCopyLogged = false;
+    if (!questDirectDisplayCopyLogged) {
+      questDirectDisplayCopyLogged = true;
+      std::fprintf(stderr, "[gx] Quest 1 direct display copy: EFB rect %dx%d at %d,%d -> %ux%u\n",
+                   rect.width, rect.height, rect.x, rect.y, dstWidth, dstHeight);
+    }
+  }
   aurora::gfx::resolve_pass(g_gxState.displayCopyTexture, rect, clearState.clearColor, clearState.clearAlpha,
                             clearState.clearDepth, clearState.clearColorValue, aurora::gx::clear_depth_value(),
                             GX_TF_RGBA8, nullptr, false, &copyFilter, false,
@@ -450,11 +484,21 @@ void GXCopyTex(void* dest, GXBool clear) {
   // Keep guest dimensions for cache identity while preserving scaled GPU detail.
   const auto logicalDstWidth = std::max<u32>(g_gxState.texCopyDstWidth, 1);
   const auto logicalDstHeight = std::max<u32>(g_gxState.texCopyDstHeight, 1);
-  const auto [scaledDstWidth, scaledDstHeight] = scale_copy_dst(logicalDstWidth, logicalDstHeight);
+  auto [scaledDstWidth, scaledDstHeight] = scale_copy_dst(logicalDstWidth, logicalDstHeight);
   const auto texCopyFmt = g_gxState.texCopyFmt;
   const bool sourceHasAlpha = aurora::gx::render_target_has_alpha(g_gxState.pixelFmt);
   const bool forceOpaqueAlpha = !sourceHasAlpha && !aurora::gx::is_depth_format(texCopyFmt);
-  const auto resolveFmt = texCopyFmt;
+  const bool quest1DirectRgb5a3 = quest1_direct_display_copy() && texCopyFmt == GX_TF_RGB5A3;
+  auto resolveFmt = texCopyFmt;
+  if (quest1DirectRgb5a3) {
+    // The host texture is RGBA8 regardless of the guest cache format. Match
+    // the EFB rectangle and advertise an RGBA8 resolve so this live menu copy
+    // becomes CopyTextureToTexture instead of invoking Adreno's broken
+    // RGB5A3 conversion/scaling shader.
+    scaledDstWidth = static_cast<u32>(std::max(rect.width, 1));
+    scaledDstHeight = static_cast<u32>(std::max(rect.height, 1));
+    resolveFmt = GX_TF_RGBA8;
+  }
 
   const aurora::gx::GXState::CopyTextureKey key{
       .dest = dest,
@@ -518,7 +562,10 @@ void GXCopyTex(void* dest, GXBool clear) {
   if (aurora::gx::render_target_has_alpha(g_gxState.pixelFmt)) {
     clearState.clearAlpha = clear && alphaUpdate;
   }
-  const auto copyFilter = combined_copy_filter_coefficients(g_gxState.copyFilterVFilter);
+  auto copyFilter = combined_copy_filter_coefficients(g_gxState.copyFilterVFilter);
+  if (quest1DirectRgb5a3) {
+    copyFilter = {0, 64, 0};
+  }
   // Skip only recurring color copies so one-shot copies are never lost.
   const bool producedConsecutively = handle.revision != 0 && currentFrame - handle.lastProducedFrame <= 1;
   const bool persistentCopy = !aurora::gx::is_depth_format(texCopyFmt) && !producedConsecutively;
@@ -531,7 +578,8 @@ void GXCopyTex(void* dest, GXBool clear) {
   }
   aurora::gfx::resolve_pass(handle.handle, rect, clearState.clearColor, clearState.clearAlpha, clearState.clearDepth,
                             clearState.clearColorValue, aurora::gx::clear_depth_value(), resolveFmt,
-                            &sourceRect.sampleRect, g_gxState.texCopyHalfScale, &copyFilter, forceOpaqueAlpha,
+                            quest1DirectRgb5a3 ? nullptr : &sourceRect.sampleRect,
+                            quest1DirectRgb5a3 ? false : g_gxState.texCopyHalfScale, &copyFilter, forceOpaqueAlpha,
                             sourceRect.sampleRect.w() / std::max<float>(g_gxState.texCopySrc.height, 1.0f),
                             (g_gxState.copyClamp & GX_CLAMP_TOP) != 0, (g_gxState.copyClamp & GX_CLAMP_BOTTOM) != 0,
                             persistentCopy);

aurora-main/lib/gfx/pipeline_cache.cpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <deque>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <limits>
@@ -23,6 +24,12 @@
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 #include <tracy/Tracy.hpp>
 
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#endif
+
 namespace aurora::gfx {
 static Module Log("aurora::gfx::pipeline_cache");
 
@@ -66,8 +73,26 @@ constexpr size_t MaxQueuedPipelineBuilds = 256;
 // render and game threads, and cap large hosts to limit driver submissions and memory use.
 constexpr size_t ReservedLogicalProcessors = 2;
 constexpr size_t MaxPipelineWorkers = 22;
-// Cached clear and GX pipelines are prewarmed using the full worker pool.
+constexpr size_t Quest1MaxPipelineWorkers = 2;
-constexpr size_t MaxBackgroundPipelineWorkers = MaxPipelineWorkers;
+static bool g_quest1PipelineScheduling = false;
+
+static bool quest1_pipeline_scheduling() noexcept {
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+  static const bool enabled = [] {
+    char device[PROP_VALUE_MAX]{};
+    return __system_property_get("ro.product.device", device) > 0 && std::strcmp(device, "monterey") == 0;
+  }();
+  return enabled;
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+static size_t max_background_pipeline_workers() noexcept {
+  // Quest 1's Adreno driver serializes pipeline creation. Leave cached recipes
+  // dormant until first use there; all newer headsets retain normal prewarm.
+  return g_quest1PipelineScheduling ? 0 : MaxPipelineWorkers;
+}
 // For synchronous pipeline fallback (OpenGL)
 #ifdef NDEBUG
 constexpr size_t BuildPipelinesPerFrame = 5;
@@ -462,6 +487,12 @@ static PipelineRef find_pipeline_impl(ShaderType type, const PipelineConfig& con
       }
     } else if (g_pendingPipelines.contains(hash)) {
       auto* pending = touch_pending_pipeline(hash, g_pipelineFrameActive);
+      // A cached recipe can sit dormant when background prewarm is disabled.
+      // Promoting it to first-use priority must wake a worker before
+      // bind_pipeline waits for completion, or both threads sleep forever.
+      if (g_pipelineFrameActive && deferGxPipeline) {
+        notifyWorker = true;
+      }
       if (pending != nullptr && firstFrameUsed < pending->firstFrameUsed) {
         pending->firstFrameUsed = firstFrameUsed;
         if (persist) {
@@ -1033,6 +1064,14 @@ static void pipeline_worker() {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
   tracy::SetThreadName("Pipeline compilation thread");
 #endif
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+  pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), "GXPipeline");
+  if (g_quest1PipelineScheduling) {
+    // setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, ...) targets the calling Linux thread.
+    // Quest 1 pipeline creation must not preempt gameplay or XR.
+    setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 5);
+  }
+#endif
 
   while (true) {
     PendingPipeline pending;
@@ -1042,7 +1081,7 @@ static void pipeline_worker() {
       g_pipelineCv.wait(lock, [] {
         return !g_priorityPipelines.empty() ||
                (!g_backgroundPipelines.empty() &&
-                g_activeBackgroundPipelineWorkers < MaxBackgroundPipelineWorkers) ||
+                g_activeBackgroundPipelineWorkers < max_background_pipeline_workers()) ||
                g_pipelineThreadEnd;
       });
       if (g_pipelineThreadEnd) {
@@ -1091,7 +1130,8 @@ static size_t pipeline_worker_count() {
   }
   const size_t availableWorkers =
       logicalProcessors > ReservedLogicalProcessors ? logicalProcessors - ReservedLogicalProcessors : 1;
-  return std::clamp(availableWorkers, size_t{1}, MaxPipelineWorkers);
+  const size_t maximum = g_quest1PipelineScheduling ? Quest1MaxPipelineWorkers : MaxPipelineWorkers;
+  return std::clamp(availableWorkers, size_t{1}, maximum);
 }
 
 template <typename PipelineConfig, typename CreateFn>
@@ -1318,6 +1358,7 @@ void initialize_pipeline_cache() {
   g_pipelineFrameActive = false;
   g_pipelineThreadEnd = false;
   g_activeBackgroundPipelineWorkers = 0;
+  g_quest1PipelineScheduling = quest1_pipeline_scheduling();
 
   if (webgpu::g_backendType == wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL || webgpu::g_backendType == wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES ||
       webgpu::g_backendType == wgpu::BackendType::WebGPU) {
@@ -1330,7 +1371,7 @@ void initialize_pipeline_cache() {
       g_pipelineThreads.emplace_back(pipeline_worker);
     }
     Log.info("Enabled {} priority pipeline compilation workers ({} background prewarm)",
-             workerCount, MaxBackgroundPipelineWorkers);
+             workerCount, max_background_pipeline_workers());
   }
 
   load_pipeline_cache();

aurora-main/lib/gfx/tex_copy_conv.cpp

@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@
 
 #include <absl/container/flat_hash_map.h>
 
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <cstring>
+
 #include "texture_convert.hpp"
 
 using namespace std::string_literals;
@@ -195,6 +201,48 @@ static constexpr std::string_view FragPassthrough = R"(
 }
 )"sv;
 
+// The Quest 1's Adreno compiler misrenders the general copy shader, whose
+// sample helper contains texture-dimension math and a dynamic filter branch,
+// even for passthrough RGBA copies. This equivalent shader deliberately keeps
+// the same bind-group contract while omitting that unused filter machinery.
+static constexpr std::string_view SimpleBlitShader = R"(
+@group(0) @binding(0) var src_samp: sampler;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var src: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+struct UVTransform {
+    offset: vec2f,
+    scale: vec2f,
+    copy_filter: vec4f,
+    flags: vec4f,
+};
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> uv_xf: UVTransform;
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+    @builtin(position) pos: vec4f,
+    @location(0) uv: vec2f,
+};
+
+var<private> positions: array<vec2f, 3> = array(
+    vec2f(-1.0, 1.0), vec2f(-1.0, -3.0), vec2f(3.0, 1.0));
+var<private> uvs: array<vec2f, 3> = array(
+    vec2f(0.0, 0.0), vec2f(0.0, 2.0), vec2f(2.0, 0.0));
+
+@vertex fn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vi: u32) -> VertexOutput {
+    var out: VertexOutput;
+    out.pos = vec4f(positions[vi], 0.0, 1.0);
+    out.uv = uvs[vi] * uv_xf.scale + uv_xf.offset;
+    return out;
+}
+
+@fragment fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let color = textureSample(src, src_samp, in.uv);
+    if (uv_xf.flags.x != 0.0) {
+        return vec4f(color.rgb, 1.0);
+    }
+    return color;
+}
+)"sv;
+
 // GX_TF_I4: 4-bit intensity -> R8Unorm (quantized)
 static constexpr std::string_view FragI4 = R"(
 @fragment fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
@@ -375,6 +423,19 @@ static wgpu::Sampler g_nearestSampler;
 static wgpu::Sampler g_linearSampler;
 static absl::flat_hash_map<GXTexFmt, wgpu::RenderPipeline> g_pipelines;
 static wgpu::RenderPipeline g_blitPipeline;
+static wgpu::RenderPipeline g_quest1BlitPipeline;
+
+static bool quest1_simple_blit() noexcept {
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+  static const bool enabled = [] {
+    char device[PROP_VALUE_MAX]{};
+    return __system_property_get("ro.product.device", device) > 0 && std::strcmp(device, "monterey") == 0;
+  }();
+  return enabled;
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
 
 static wgpu::RenderPipeline create_pipeline(const ConvPipeline& conv, const std::string_view shaderPreamble,
                                             const wgpu::BindGroupLayout& bindGroupLayout) {
@@ -491,6 +552,9 @@ void initialize() {
   g_blitPipeline = create_pipeline(
       {GX_TF_RGBA8, FragPassthrough, webgpu::g_graphicsConfig.surfaceConfiguration.format, "TexCopyConv Blit"},
       ShaderPreamble, g_bindGroupLayout);
+  g_quest1BlitPipeline = create_pipeline(
+      {GX_TF_RGBA8, {}, webgpu::g_graphicsConfig.surfaceConfiguration.format, "Quest 1 Simple TexCopy Blit"},
+      SimpleBlitShader, g_bindGroupLayout);
   for (const auto& conv : ConvPipelines) {
     g_pipelines[conv.fmt] = create_pipeline(conv, ShaderPreamble, g_bindGroupLayout);
     if (conv.outputFormat != to_wgpu(conv.fmt)) {
@@ -522,6 +586,7 @@ void initialize() {
 void shutdown() {
   g_pipelines.clear();
   g_blitPipeline = {};
+  g_quest1BlitPipeline = {};
   g_bindGroupLayout = {};
   g_depthBindGroupLayout = {};
   g_nearestSampler = {};
@@ -597,6 +662,14 @@ static void execute(const wgpu::CommandEncoder& cmd, const ConvRequest& req, con
 }
 
 void run(const wgpu::CommandEncoder& cmd, const ConvRequest& req) {
+  if (quest1_simple_blit() && req.fmt == GX_TF_RGB5A3) {
+    // MKW's character/kart menu previews are live RGB5A3 EFB copies. The
+    // Adreno 540 miscompiles their quantizing conversion shader just like the
+    // filtered display-copy shader, leaving the preview panels black. Preserve
+    // the RGBA source directly; only the Wii-era RGB5A3 quantization is lost.
+    execute(cmd, req, g_quest1BlitPipeline);
+    return;
+  }
   const auto it = g_pipelines.find(req.fmt);
   if (it == g_pipelines.end()) {
     Log.fatal("No copy conversion pipeline for format {}", static_cast<int>(req.fmt));
@@ -604,6 +677,8 @@ void run(const wgpu::CommandEncoder& cmd, const ConvRequest& req) {
   execute(cmd, req, it->second);
 }
 
-void blit(const wgpu::CommandEncoder& cmd, const ConvRequest& req) { execute(cmd, req, g_blitPipeline); }
+void blit(const wgpu::CommandEncoder& cmd, const ConvRequest& req) {
+  execute(cmd, req, quest1_simple_blit() ? g_quest1BlitPipeline : g_blitPipeline);
+}
 
 } // namespace aurora::gfx::tex_copy_conv

docs/quest-port.md

@@ -182,6 +182,46 @@ density map does not reduce (the stores stay full size for non-subsampled images
 stays off by default; it pays only when `render_scale` makes the eyes pixel-bound, as at 1.3 on
 Luigi Circuit.
 
+### Quest 1 renderer compatibility
+
+Quest 1 identifies itself as Android device `monterey` and uses an Adreno 540
+driver that misrenders Aurora's general filtered EFB-copy shader. On that
+device, `GXCopyDisp` keeps the destination equal to the resolved EFB region so
+WebGPU can use `CopyTextureToTexture`; the later presentation pass still scales
+the result. Live RGB5A3 menu copies use a minimal RGBA passthrough shader for
+the same reason. Other Android devices retain the normal filtered and
+format-converting paths.
+
+Quest 1 must be built with the `quest1` flavour (`Build-Quest.ps1 -Headset
+quest1`). It targets the Snapdragon 835's Kryo CPU; the modern flavour targets
+`cortex-a77`, whose instructions can terminate the game with `SIGILL` on Quest
+1. Each variant's exported game kit records this CPU target, and the APK build,
+PC game build, on-headset build and package import all verify it. This prevents
+a kit left by another flavour from producing a library that can crash with
+`SIGILL`.
+
+The final Quest 1 firmware also cannot reliably promote this app's 2D setup
+panel into an immersive activity. Its APK therefore exposes two library
+entries: **WiiCompiled VR** starts the game directly in VR, while
+**WiiCompiled Settings** opens the setup/settings panel. After changing a
+setting, close the panel and start WiiCompiled VR from the library. The Play
+button in the settings panel explains this limitation instead of opening a
+black panel. Modern Quest builds keep the normal single launcher, whose Play
+button starts VR directly.
+
+The workaround was isolated on a physical Quest 1: it changed the boot/menu
+output from flickering black or white frames to a complete menu with character
+and vehicle previews. It does intentionally skip Wii-era RGB5A3 quantization on
+that device.
+
+Pipeline compilation is also scheduled differently on Quest 1. Its Adreno
+serializes much of `vkCreateGraphicsPipelines`, so a large equal-priority worker
+pool starved the translated game and OpenXR pacing threads without shortening
+the compile materially. Quest 1 uses two nice-level 5 workers and does not
+prewarm cached recipes in the background; a cached recipe is promoted and its
+workers are awakened when the game first requests it. Newer Android headsets
+and desktop retain the normal worker pool and prewarm behavior.
+
 ### Controllers
 
 Quest Touch controllers are not HID gamepads, so `openxr_input.cpp` syncs an
@@ -772,7 +812,10 @@ Android facts this design rests on, all measured on a Quest 3:
   also learned `--target-os windows|macos|linux|android` for
   `generate-data-init` and `translate-mod`, for pipelines that generate on
   another host.
-- `android/`: the Gradle project, one app with no flavours.
+- `android/`: the Gradle project, with `modernQuest` (the default script
+  target) and `quest1` headset flavours. They share the application ID and
+  storage, but select the appropriate CPU baseline, supported-device manifest,
+  and launcher behavior.
   `app/src/main/cpp/CMakeLists.txt` adds the repository's `runtime/` as a
   subdirectory with those Android choices and builds both game kit probes
   (the Retro Rewind one only when the translation includes the mod), which
@@ -794,8 +837,10 @@ installer's `BuildWorkspace/generated`, produced by the normal Windows pipeline)
 ```powershell
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Prepare-QuestDependencies.ps1        # SDL3 3.4.4 AAR into android/app/libs
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-Quest.ps1 -Install             # the app, its game kit and toolchain, debug-signed (the first run also builds Dawn from source)
+powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-Quest.ps1 -Headset quest1 -Install  # Quest 1: Kryo CPU and direct-VR library entry
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Install         # your game, against that kit, into Import (or WheelWizard VR's Build for Quest)
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Product retro_rewind -Mod <RetroRewind6> -Install  # the mod and its pack (needs translate-mod output with --retro-wfc-payload)
+powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File android/Build-QuestGame.ps1 -Headset quest1 -Install  # game package from the Quest 1 kit
 adb push MarioKart.iso /sdcard/Download/                                               # then Select disc image in the launcher
 ```